The Lower Extremity

Question 0

Muscle length across the knee and hip affects ______ and ______ postures.

Answer 0

sitting & standing

Question 1

The position of the _____ affects vertebral alignment.

Answer 1

pelvis

Question 2

Tight hamstrings can lead to a ______ pelvic tilt

Answer 2

posterior

Question 3

The hip provides ________ and ________ during weight bearing.

Answer 3

stability & mobility

Question 4

Does the hip tend to have more closed chain or open chain movements?

Answer 4

closed chain

Question 5

What other joint can we compare to the hip?

Is the hip more or less congruent than this joint?

Answer 5

Shoulder

The hip is more congruent than the shoulder, but it is not completely congruent unless carrying a heavy object

Question 6

What is an important function of the knee?

Answer 6

Supports body weight at all positions between the extremities

Question 7

Where do the ankle & feet support body weight?

What type of action occurs here?

Answer 7

Through the arches (absorb forces); transverse arch

Springing action

Question 8

What bones make up the hip joint?

Answer 8

Ileum, ischium, pubis

Question 9

What is another name for the hip joint?

Answer 9

Coxofemoral joint

Question 10

The head of the femur articulates with the _________ of the pelvis.

Answer 10

Acetabulum

Question 11

What is the function of the acetabulum?

Answer 11

Cushioning Absorb forces

Question 12

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 12

Diarthroidial (freely moveable) Ball & socket

Question 13

How many degrees of freedom are there in the hip?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

What is the primary function of the hip joint?

Answer 14

support in static erect postures & dynamic postures

Question 15

Answer convex or concave: Head of femur is _____. Acetabulum is _______.

Which direction does the head of the femur slide?

Answer 15

convex concave

opposite direction

Question 16

Spinning motions of the hip:

Spin _______ for flexion.

Spin _______ for extension

Spin & glide ______ for ABD.

Spin & glide ______ for ADD.

Spin ______ for IR/ER

Answer 16

Posterior

Anterior

Medial

Lateral

Opposite

Question 17

When the hip is weight bearing, the femur is _____.

Answer 17

fixed

Question 18

Hip motion is produced by movement of the _______ on the ______.

Answer 18

pelvis on the femur

Question 19

The acetabulum moves in the ______ direction as the ______ side of the pelvis (anterior and posterior tilt, lateral tilt)

Answer 19

same, opposite

Question 20

Which hip ligament is one of the thickest and strongest in the body?

Which letter of the alphabet is it shaped like?

Is it anterior or posterior?

What is the function?

Answer 20

Iliofemoral

Y ligament

Anterior

Limits externsion

Question 21

Where is the pubofemoral ligament? What is the function?

Answer 21

inferior limits ABD minimally limits ER

Question 22

Which of the hip ligaments is the weakest?

Where is is located?

What is the function?

Answer 22

Ischiofemoral

Posterior/inferior

Limits ADD

Question 23

All hip ligaments are ______ in flexion, _______ in hyperextension.

What are the implications of this on wheelchair users?

Answer 23

Slack Taunt

W/C users: ligaments can be shorten because the ligaments are slack in flexion

Question 24

The hip joint is a synovial joint supported by a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 24

synovial capsule

Question 25

What can cause the synovial capsule of the joint to stretch?

Answer 25

joint pain & inflammation

Question 26

What motion puts slack on the hip synovial capsule? What happens if this motion is prolonged?

Answer 26

Hip flexion flexion contractures

Question 27

What is the normal angle of inclination for the hip? Why is this ideal?

Answer 27

125 Best position for muscle attachment & joint congruency

Question 28

What is a pathological decrease in the hip's angle of inclination?

Answer 28

Coxa Vara 110 degrees

Question 29

What is a pathological increase in the hip's normal of inclination?

Answer 29

Coxa valga 140 degrees

Question 30

Is there more stability in coxa vara or coxa valga? Why? What types of forces can it have?

Answer 30

Coxa vara Because the femoral head is deeper in the acetabulum Can have more sheer forces

Question 31

What impairments can coxa vara & coxa valga result in?

Answer 31

Gait abnormalities Increased wear & tear Knee problems

Question 32

In coxa valga, there is ______ articulation, meaning that it is ____ congruent.

Answer 32

Decreased Less

Question 33

How many degrees are there in hip flexion?

Answer 33

120

Question 34

Anterior pelvic tilt/lumbar extension occurs if the _________ are weak. This motion is limited by the ______ ligament/\_\_\_\_\_\_ capsule

Answer 34

abdominals ischiofemoral inferior

Question 35

What is the ROM for hip extension? This motion is limited by the _______ ligament/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ capsule. What other motion is occurring during hip extension?

Answer 35

0-30 Iiliofemoral, Anterior capsule flexion in lumbar spine

Question 36

What is the ROM for hip ABD? What is this movement limited by?

Answer 36

0-45 pubofemoral ligament inferior capsule adductors hamstrings

Question 37

What is the ROM for hip ADD? What is it limited by?

Answer 37

30 - 0 ischiofemoral ligament iliotibial band tensor fascia lattae

Question 38

What is the ROM for IR? What is it limited by?

Answer 38

0-45 ischiofemoral ligament piriformis

Question 39

What is the ROM for hip ER? What is it limited by?

Answer 39

0-45 iliofemoral ligament iliotibial band gluteus minimus tensor fascia lattae

Question 40

Where are the hip flexors located in relation to the axis of rotation?

Answer 40

Anterior to axis

Question 41

Where are the extensors located in relation to the axis of rotation?

Answer 41

Posterior to the axis

Question 42

The gluteals and hamstrings provide strong ______ for the hip in standing.

Answer 42

extension

Question 43

The gluteals & hamstrings work together during ______ & ______ as we shift to balance ourselves

Answer 43

sitting & standing

Question 44

The hip flexors help maintain the....

Answer 44

anterior and posterior trunk balance

Question 45

The hip extensors prevent...

Answer 45

forward motion of the trunk

Question 46

Illiopsoas affects anterior pelvic tilt. If illiopsoas is the agonist, _________ is/are the antagonist.

Answer 46

hamstrings

Question 47

Normal length hamstrings allow full flexion of the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_. Short hamstrings prevent further movement of the \_\_\_\_\_. Is this active or passive insufficiency?

Answer 47

Trunk & pelvis Pelvis Passive

Question 48

What is the reverse action of anterior pelvic tilt?

Answer 48

flexion

Question 49

What is the reverse action of posterior pelvic tilt?

Answer 49

extension

Question 50

What is the reverse action of depression of the right pelvis?

Answer 50

ABD of the right thigh

Question 51

What is the reverse action of elevation of the right pelvis?

Answer 51

ADD of the right thigh

Question 52

What are the lateral rotators of the hip? Are they contralateral or ipsilateral rotators of the hip?

Answer 52

Piriformis Obturator externus & internus Superior & inferior gemelli Posterior gluteus medius Contralateral rotators

Question 53

What are the medial rotators of the hip? Are the contralateral or ipsilateral rotators?

Answer 53

Anterior gluteus medius & minimus Ipsilateral b/c they rotate the pelvis to the same side

Question 54

Which mm. are one joint hip flexors?

Answer 54

Psoas major & minor Illiacus (Iliopsoas)

Question 55

What mm. are two-joint hip flexors?

Answer 55

sartorius tensor fascia latae rectus femoris

Question 56

What is the function of pectineus?

Answer 56

power flexor adductor

Question 57

In what position is iliopsoas ineffective?

Answer 57

knees bent [This is why you do sit ups with your knees bent, so you use your abdominals]

Question 58

What is the primary one-joint hip extensor? When is it lazy?

Answer 58

Gluteus maximus during ADLs

Question 59

What are the two-joint hip extensors? When are they ineffective?

Answer 59

Hamstrings Knee bent

Question 60

What other mm. also extends the hip?

Answer 60

Adductor magnus

Question 61

What muscle assists with hip ABD when force is required?

Answer 61

Gluteus maximus

Question 62

What are the primary hip abductors?

Answer 62

Gluteus medius & minimus

Question 63

What are the two joint hip ABD muscles?

Answer 63

TFL Sartorius

Question 64

The hip ABDs work with the hip ADD to maintain....

Answer 64

lateral stability & trunk balance

Question 65

Hip ABDs maintain _____ \_\_\_\_\_ ______ during side to side and diagonal weight shifts.

Answer 65

active sitting balance

Question 66

What are two examples for hip ABDs close chain activities?

Answer 66

walking, running

Question 67

Hip ABD also provide support during ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 67

single limb stance

Question 68

What muscles make up the one-joint hip adductors?

Answer 68

pectineus adductor magnus, brevis, longus

Question 69

What muscles is a two-joint hip adductor?

Answer 69

gracilis

Question 70

Hip adductors attach along the shaft femur anterior to the...

Answer 70

muscles mechanical axis for rotation

Question 71

Hip adductors also have a moment arm for...

Answer 71

medial rotation

Question 72

While sitting with the feet off the ground, what is the position of the knee during hip IR? During hip ER?

Answer 72

IR: Knee is medial to neutral ER: knee is lateral to neutral

Question 73

What muscles make up the medial (internal) rotators of the hip?

Answer 73

Gleuteus minimus TFL Anterior fibers of gluteus medius

Question 74

What muscles make up the external rotators of the hip?

Answer 74

Piriformis Obturator internus & externus Quadratus femoris Gemellus superior & inferior

Question 75

Where do the hip external rotators originate? Insert?

Answer 75

Origin: lower pelvis Insertion: onto or near the greater trochanter

Question 76

What is a secondary function of the hip external rotators?

Answer 76

hold femur into acetabulum

Question 77

What is the open chain movement of the hip ERs? closed chain?

Answer 77

Laterally rotate (ER) Stability

Question 78

What are the two-joint functions of quadriceps femoris? If these motions are done at the same time, is it active or passive insufficiency?

Answer 78

Extend knee Flex hip Active

Question 79

What is the function of the hip flexors? When are the hamstrings in active insuffiency? When do they work best?

Answer 79

Knee flexors (cross 2 joints) Knee flexion & hip extension When the hip is flexed

Question 80

When the hip is flexed, the ________ is the agonist, and _______ are the antagonist.

Answer 80

Rectus femoris hamstrings

Question 81

When the hip is extended, the _______ are the agonist and the ______ is the antagonist.

Answer 81

Hamstrings rectus femoris

Question 82

In knee flexion, the _______ are the agonist and the ____ id the antagonist.

Answer 82

Hamstrings rectus femoris

Question 83

In knee extension, the _________ is the agonist and the ________ is the antagonist.

Answer 83

rectus femoris hamstrings

Question 84

Simultaneous hip and knee flexion or extension requires both hamstrings and rectus femoris to be...

Answer 84

agonists at one joint and antagonists at the other joint

Question 85

Hip flexion & knee extension results in _________ contracting & ________ relaxing

Answer 85

rectus femoris hamstrings

Question 86

The ______ is/are capable of generating more force at the hip due to a longer moment arm, and _________ is more forceful at the knee.

Answer 86

hamstrings rectus femoris

Question 87

Hip abductor muscles maintain a level pelvis during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. During the swing pahse (of walking), one foot loses contact with the ground and the weight rotates the hip downward. This must be balanced by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 87

unilateral stance contralateral hip adbuctors

Question 88

Trendelenberg Sign: During the swing phase, if the right side drops, which side is weak?

Answer 88

left

Question 89

In the clinical screen for trendelenberg, what is considered a positive sign?

Answer 89

Single limb stance + for ABD weakness on the stance side: when the subject leans excessively toward the stance limp or when the pelvis drops on the sunsupported side

Question 90

What ligament is #2? What is the function?

Answer 90

Iliofemoral Limits extension

Question 91

What ligament is this? What is the function?

Answer 91

Ischiofemoral Limits ADD