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Anatomy Test 3 > The Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What vessels provide superficial venous drainage of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous vein and short saphenous vein

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2
Q

Where do the superficial veins terminate?

A

Great saphenous terminates in the femoral vein; the short saphenous terminates in the popliteal vein

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3
Q

What is the pattern of venous blood flow?

A

Venous flow is superficial to deep

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4
Q

What structural defect causes varicose veins?

A

Valves that ensure the unidirectional flow of blood from superficial to deep become damaged allowing the blood to flow back to the surface and pool in painful varicosities

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5
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

The deep fascia of the thigh

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6
Q

What is the function of the tensor fascia lata and into what does it attach?

A

The tensor fascia lata functions in tensing the fascia lata and is also an internal rotator of the hip. It extends from the lateral aspect of the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle

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7
Q

Name a medial deficiency in the fascia lata.

A

The saphenous opening

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8
Q

What structures come off the fascia lata and pass inward towards the femur?

A

Intermuscular septae

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9
Q

Be able to label a cross section thru: mid-thigh region, mid-leg region, foot

A

IMPORTANT!

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10
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

sartorius, iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vasti lateralis, intermedius and medialis)

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11
Q

What is the innervation and blood supply of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve, except for the psoas major (lumbar plexus). Supplied by femoral artery.

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12
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus (hamstring portion)

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the thigh? blood supply?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve, except for the short head of the biceps (peroneal division of the sciatic). supplied by the perforating branch of profunda femoris and inferior gluteal artery

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (adductor portion), obturator externus.

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh? blood supply?

A

Obturator nerve. Supplied by perforating branch of profunda femoris and the obturator artery.

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16
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior, ext. digitorum longus, peronius tertius, ext. hallucis longus, ext. digitorum brevis.

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg? blood supply?

A

Deep peroneal nerve. Blood supply is anterior tibial artery

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18
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

peroneus longus and brevis

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg? Blood supply?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve. Supplied with blood by the peroneal artery

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? (superficial and deep)

A

superficial group = gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus. Deep group = popliteus, fl. digitorum longus, fl. hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior.

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg? Blood supply?

A

Tibial nerve. Blood supply is via the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries

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22
Q

What are the muscles of the first layer of the foot? innervation?

A

Abductor hallucis, fl. digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi. All innervated by the medial plantar nerve except the abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar nerve).

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23
Q

What are the muscles of the second layer of the foot? innervation?

A

Quadratus plantae and 4 lumbricals. Quadratus and lumbricals 2-4 are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve and the 1st lumbrical is innervated via the medial plantar nerve

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24
Q

What are the muscles of the third layer of the foot? innervation?

A

fl. hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis and fl. digiti minimi. All innervated by the lateral plantar nerve, except the fl. hallucis brevis (medial plantar nerve)

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25
Q

What are the muscles of the fourth layer of the foot? innervation?

A

Interossei. All innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.

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26
Q

What is the blood supply for the four layers of the foot?

A

medial and lateral plantar arteries

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27
Q

What are the general actions for the posterior compartment?

A

Extend the hip joint and flex the leg on the thigh at the knee; when the leg is flexed, the biceps can rotate the leg laterally on the thigh. Semimembranosus/tendinosis rotate it medially.

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28
Q

what are the hamstring muscles?

A

Two joint muscles of the posterior compartment taking origin from the ischial tuberosity

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29
Q

what is the significance of the hamstrings two-joint span?

A

They extend the hip and flex the knee

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30
Q

what supplies the hamstrings with motor innervation? blood?

A

the sciatic nerve innervated the hamstrings while they receive blood from the perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery

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31
Q

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Upper lateral: biceps femoris
Upper medial: semimembranosus
Lower lateral & medial: gastrocnemius
Floor: popliteus

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32
Q

what are the major contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

The popliteal artery and vein, genicular arteries, small saphenous vein, common peroneal (fibular) and tibial nerves, popliteus muscle

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33
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral: sartorius
Medial: adductor longus
Roof: fascia lata & cribriform fascia
Base: inguinal ligament

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34
Q

What muscles comprise the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

The pectineus and iliopsoas

35
Q

Give the order of structures passing under the inguinal ligament from lateral to medial.

A

NAVEL: femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatic

36
Q

What is the clinical significance of the E (empty space)?

A

Femoral hernias protrude here

37
Q

Which of these components of NAVEL enclosed in the femoral sheath?

A

Primarily the femoral artery and vein although the empty space (femoral canal) and the lymphatic vessel are also enclosed. The femoral nerve is NOT a component within the sheath

38
Q

From what tissue does the sheath arise in the abdominal wall?

A

The fascia transversalis

39
Q

What other structure(s) passes into the thigh under the inguinal ligament?

A

The iliopsoas muscle, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and pectineus muscle

40
Q

Be able to label a diagram of the branching of the femoral artery as it passes down through the thigh.

A

IMPORTANT. Diagrams on page 277 and 290.

41
Q

When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

When it passes under the inguinal ligament

42
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

When it passes through the adductor hiatus into the popliteal fossa

43
Q

What are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?

A

The anterior and posterior tibial arteries

44
Q

Which major vessel supplies blood to the gluteal region?

A

The internal iliac artery (via the superior and inferior gluteal arteries)

45
Q

Which major vessel supplies blood to the lower limb?

A

The femoral artery

46
Q

What is the first large branch off the femoral artery?

A

The profunda femoris artery

47
Q

What is meant by perforating branch?

A

They pass back into the posterior compartment of the thigh

48
Q

What compartments are supplied by the deep femoral artery and its perforating branches?

A

The posterior compartment of the thigh

49
Q

In the region of the hip and upper thigh, list the anastomoses that may occur.

A

The cruciate anastomosis: lateral/medial circumflex femoral arteries, superior/inferior gluteal arteries, perforating branches of the profunda femoris

50
Q

Which vessel(s) contribute to the plantar arch?

A

The lateral plantar artery and dorsalis pedis artery

51
Q

Which vessel(s) contribute to the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot?

A

The dorsalis pedis artery off the anterior tibial artery

52
Q

Which vessel(s) give off the major digital supply in the foot?

A

The plantar arch

53
Q

Name the major superficial veins of the lower limb.

A

Short and long (great) saphenous veins

54
Q

To what structure do the superficial veins lie superficial?

A

the deep fascia

55
Q

With what do perforating veins communicate?

A

The deep veins of lower limb

56
Q

What is the perforating veins clinical significance in varicose veins?

A

The valves facilitating superficial to deep venous flow are damaged and blood pools superficially

57
Q

Which nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, sural nerve, and saphenous nerve

58
Q

What structure(s) keep the extensor tendons from bowstringing?

A

The superior and inferior extensor retinaculae

59
Q

Which vessel(s) supply the dorsum of the foot?

A

The anterior tibial artery via the dorsalis pedis artery

60
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the hip joint?

A

A ball and socket/multiaxial synovial joint

61
Q

Name 3 ligaments that strengthen the capsule of the hip joint.

A

The pubofemoral, ischiofemoral and iliofemoral ligaments

62
Q

Which of these 3 ligaments is the strongest and most important?

A

The iliofemoral

63
Q

Where is the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

Within the joint capsule running from the floor of the acetabulum to a pit in the head of the femur

64
Q

What is the nerve supply to the hip joint?

A

Innervation: primarily the femoral and obturator nerves

65
Q

What is the arterial supply of the hip joint?

A

Blood supply: the medial and lateral circumflex femoral, superior and inferior gluteal arteries

66
Q

What is the anterior relationship of the hip joint?

A

muscles of the femoral triangle – pectineus, iliopsoas, and rectus femoris as well as the femoral artery and nerve

67
Q

What is the posterior relationship of the hip joint?

A

the short lateral rotators of the hip (piriformis, obturator internus, superior/inferior gemelli and quadratus femoris) and sciatic nerve

68
Q

What is the inferior relationship of the hip joint?

A

tendon of the obturator externus

69
Q

What is the superior relationship of the hip joint?

A

gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus

70
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the knee joint?

A

Condylar/hinge type of synovial joint

71
Q

The capsule of the knee joint is defective anteriorly and communicates with what synovial lined sac?

A

The suprapatellar bursa

72
Q

What other bursae are found in this region?

A

Prepatellar, deep infrapatellar, and subcutaneous infrapatellar bursae

73
Q

What does a posterior defect allow to enter the joint?

A

The popliteus muscle

74
Q

What structures assist in guiding the articulation of the knee joint and are found within the synovial cavity?

A

the menisci

75
Q

What are these intra-articular structures composed of?

A

fibrocartilage

76
Q

what of these intra-articular structures is attached to a collateral ligament?

A

the medial meniscus

77
Q

Name two other ligaments found within the synovial cavity.

A

There are NONE. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are NOT within the synovial cavity (they are within the joint capsule but lay outside the synovial membrane)

78
Q

What is the blood supply to the knee joint? Sensory innervation?

A

Blood supply: genicular branches of the popliteal artery

Innervation: sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves

79
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the ankle (talocural) joint?

A

Hinge-type synovial joint

80
Q

Which of the ligaments is thick and fan-shaped?

A

The deltoid (medial)

81
Q

What is the superior attachment of this fan-shaped ligament?

A

the medial malleolus

82
Q

What are the three distinct bands of the lateral ankle ligament?

A

The anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments as well as the calcaneofibular ligament

83
Q

What nerves innervate the ankle joint?

A

The tibial and deep peroneal nerves

Anatomy Test 3 (8 decks)

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