the lungs & the pleura

Question 1

what does the left pleural cavity contain?

Answer 1

the left lung

Question 2

what does the right pleural cavity contain?

Answer 2

the right lung

Question 3

what does the mediastinum contain?

Answer 3

the trachea, the heart, the oesophagus, blood vessels & nerves

Question 4

in which weeks does the respiratory system begin to develop?

Answer 4

4-6 weeks

Question 5

what layer does the respiratory system develop from?

Answer 5

the endoderm layer

Question 6

what forms from endodermal out pouches?

Answer 6

lung buds & bronchial buds

Question 7

what are the 2 layers of pleura surrounding the lungs?

Answer 7

the visceral pleura & the parietal pleura

Question 8

where does the visceral pleura attach?

Answer 8

connects to the parietal pleura & the hilum/root of the lung

Question 9

where is the parietal pleura found?

Answer 9

it lines the internal aspect of the thoracic wall

Question 10

what are the 4 parts that the parietal pleura is divided into?

Answer 10

• costal
• mediastinal
• diaphragmatic
• cervical

Question 11

what is the pleural cavity?

Answer 11

the space between the 2 layers of pleura

Question 12

what does the pleural cavity contain?

Answer 12

serous fluid

Question 13

what holds the lungs against the thoracic wall?

Answer 13

the surface tension of the serous fluid

Question 14

what are the 4 parietal pleural innervations?

Answer 14

• cervical: 1st intercostal nerve
• costal: intercostal nerves
• mediastinal: phrenic nerve
• diaphragmatic: lower intercostals & phrenic nerves

Question 15

what is the visceral pleural innervation?

Answer 15

autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic) form pulmonary plexuses

Question 16

how many lobes does the left & right lung have?

Answer 16

left: 2 lobes
right: 3 lobes

Question 17

what fissure is present in the left lung?

Answer 17

oblique fissure

Question 18

what fissure is present in the right lung?

Answer 18

horizontal & oblique fissure

Question 19

what are the lobes in the left lung?

Answer 19

superior & inferior

Question 20

what are the lobes in the right lung?

Answer 20

superior, middle & inferior

Question 21

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 21

costal, mediastinal & diaphragmatic

Question 22

what are the 3 borders of the lungs?

Answer 22

anterior, inferior & posterior

Question 23

where do the left arteries branch from?

Answer 23

descending aorta

Question 24

where do the right arteries branch from?

Answer 24

intercostal arteries

Question 25

where do bronchial veins terminate?

Answer 25

in the azygos system of veins

Question 26

where does the innervation of the lungs come from?

Answer 26

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 27

where is the innervation of the sympathetic nervous system & what happens to bronchial musculature & pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 27

- sympathetic trunk - bronchial musculature: dilates - pulmonary vasculature: constricts

Question 28

where is the innervation of the parasympathetic nervous system & what happens to bronchial musculature & pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 28

- from vagus - bronchial musculature: constricts - pulmonary vasculature: dilates

Question 29

what is the order of the respiratory tree?

Answer 29

trachea --> primary (main) bronchi --> secondary (lobar) bronchi --> tertiary (segmental) bronchi --> bronchioles (termninal/respiratory) --> alveorlar sacs --> alveoli

Question 30

where does the trachea run from & to?

Answer 30

C6 to T4/5

Question 31

what is the name of the cartilage that separates the 2 main bronchi when they bifurcate?

Answer 31

the carina

Question 32

where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 32

the sternal angle

Question 33

what lines the trachea?

Answer 33

mucous membrane & cilia

Question 34

where do the primary bronchi pass into the lungs?

Answer 34

the hilum/root of the lung

Question 35

what is the difference between the left & right bronchus?

Answer 35

main right bronchus is wider, shorter & runs more vertically

Question 36

how many secondary bronchi are in each lung?

Answer 36

3 in right lung & 2 in left

Question 37

what does each tertiary bronchi supply?

Answer 37

a bronchopulmonary segment

Question 38

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the left & right lung?

Answer 38

10 in right lung & 8-10 in left lung

Question 39

what are the 2 cell types in alveoli?

Answer 39

- type 1 pneumocytes (95%) | - type 2 pneumocytes (5%)

Question 40

what do type 2 pneumocytes do?

Answer 40

secrete pulmonary surfactant

Question 41

where is the visceral pleura found?

Answer 41

lines the lungs