the macroscopic exam

Question 1

what are the 4 parameters considered in a macroscopic exam?

Answer 1

• colour
• transparency
• odour
• specific gravity

Question 2

what is normal urine color

Answer 2

light/plale yellow
- medium yellow
- amber or dark yellow

Question 3

which pigments give urine its colour?

Answer 3

• urochrome (major pigment)
• urobilin
• uroerythrin

Question 4

cause of pale yellow, yellow, or amber urine

Answer 4

• normal urochromes and urobilin

Question 5

cause of deep yellow urine

Answer 5

• highly concentrated urine
• quinicine (Aabrine)-following acidification
• phenacetin
• nitrofurantoin
• riboflavin (large quantities)

Question 6

causes of blue urine

Answer 6

• methylene blue
• indigo carmine and indigo blue dye
• indicans
• pseudomonas sp. infections

Question 7

causes of green urine

Answer 7

• (mixture of blue and yellow)
• methylene blue
• dithiazinanine iodine (Dizan)
• indigo blue dye
• evans blue
• biliverdin
• riboflavin
• thymol

Question 8

causes of orange-yellow urine

Answer 8

• highly concentrated urine
• excess urobili
• bilirubin
• pyrium
• phenazopyridine
• salicylazosulfapyridine (Azulfadine)
• fluorescein sodium

Question 9

causes of red, pink, red-brown, red-orange, and orange urine

Answer 9

• hematuria
• hemaglobinurea
• myoglobinurea (red-brown)
• porphyrinuria
• congo red
• phenosulfonphthalein (following alkanization)
• neoprontsil
• warfrin (orange)
• rhubarb
• carbon tetrachloride
• phenazopyridine
• phenothiazines
• diphenylhydantoin
• pseudomonas

Question 10

causes of brown urine

Answer 10

• methemoglobin
• melanon
• salicylazosufapyridine
• nitrofurantoin
• phenacetin
• sulfonamides
• bismuth
• mercury

Question 11

causes of yello-brown urine

Answer 11

• bile pigments

Question 12

causes of brown to black (brown or red) urine

Answer 12

• melanin
• methemoglobin
• myoglobin
• bile pigments
• thymol
• phenolic compounds
• nitrofurantoin
• naphthalene
• chlorinated hydrocarbons
• aniline dyes
• homogentisic acid

Question 13

what causes dilute urine

Answer 13

dilute urine

Question 14

causes of milky white urine

Answer 14

• chyle
• pus
• phosphate crystals

Question 15

what food commonly alter urine colour

Answer 15

• food dyes
• riboflavin
• carrots
• rhubarb
• beets

Question 16

if hemoglobin or myoglobin is in the urine, after centrifuging, what will happen to the colour of the supernate?

Answer 16

nothing

Question 17

what is the most common cause of urine turbidity?

Answer 17

• crystals

Question 18

what is the solubility of most crystals influenced by?

Answer 18

temperature

Question 19

What can influence the solubility of crystals?

Answer 19

pH

Question 20

describe the color and transparency of hematuria

Answer 20

red-brown (sometimes black)
turbid

Question 21

describe the color and transparency of hemoglobinuria

Answer 21

red-brown (sometimes black)
transparent

Question 22

what terms are used to describe urine transparency

Answer 22

• clear
• cloudy
• turbid
• floculent

Question 23

which species normally have cloudy urine? And why?

Answer 23

• horses
• rabbits
• guinea pig
• goats

due to: calcium carbonate crystals

Question 24

what do horses have increased amounts of in their urine resulting in more turbid urine?

Answer 24

mucus

Question 25

what is the typical cause of flocculence?

Answer 25

- aggregates of WBCs - clumps of epithelial cells - small urinary calculi

Question 26

does normal urine odor vary between species and sex?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

what terms are used to describe the odour of urine?

Answer 27

- aromatic (normal) - strong (also normal) - ammonia (caused by ureas-producing bacteria) - putrid (caused by bacterial degradation of a large quantity of protein) - fruity/acetone (an abnormal odor caused by the presence of ketones in the urine (diabetic))

Question 28

what causes the ammonia odor of urine

Answer 28

urease producing bacteria

Question 29

what causes the putrid odor of urine

Answer 29

bacterial degradation of a large quantity of protein

Question 30

what causes the acetone/acetone odor of urine

Answer 30

- the presence of ketones (diabetic)

Question 31

what is specific gravity a measurement of?

Answer 31

- the density of urine compared to pure water at the same temperature - a weight comparison - The specific gravity of water is 1.000

Question 32

what influences specific gravity?

Answer 32

- number of solute particles - molecular size of the solute - molecular weight of the solute - different solutes have their own characteristic effect on specific gravity - temperature (density decreases as temperature increases)

Question 33

why should specific gravity be interprited with each urinalysis?

Answer 33

1.- clarifies the interpretation of the urinalysis results - provides data regarding the ratio of solutes to solvent - urinalyses are typically runs using a small sample without regard for the rate of formation and knowing the specific gravity allows for semi-quantitative interpretation 2. - to assess the ability of the renal tubules to concentrate or dilute the glomerular filtrate - depends on the quantity and weight and quantity of dissolved particles - is the only actual test for renal function in a routine urinalysis

Question 34

normally a pale urine sample will have a ____________ specific gravity

Answer 34

low

Question 35

normally a dark urine sample will have a ____________ specific gravity

Answer 35

high

Question 36

after 12h fast, normal canine specific gravity is __________

Answer 36

>1.025

Question 37

after 12h fast, normal canine cat specific gravity is __________

Answer 37

>1.035

Question 38

what is specific gravity not affected by?

Answer 38

suspended particles