The Manual Flashcards
(24 cards)
Acetylcholine: location and function
Location:
- Motor cortex, basal ganglia, mm synapse, autonomic synapse
Function:
- Excitatory except in the parasympathetic system where it is inhibitory
Norepinephrine: location and function
Location:
- brainstem and hypothalamus
function:
- excitatory and inhibitory in the CNS. Controls mood, and mind activity; in the PNS it excites or inhibits various end organs
Dopamine: location and function
Location:
- basal ganglia
Function:
- inhibitory
Glycine: location and function
Location:
SC synapses
Function:
- inhibitory
Glutamate: location and function
Location:
- cortex and sensory fibers
Function:
- excitatory
Substance P: location and function
Location:
- pain fibers terminals in SC
Function:
- excitatory
Enkelphalins: location and function
Location:
- Thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, SC
Function:
- excitatory on pain inhibitory system
Serotonin pathway: location and function
Location:
- brainstem and spinal cord
Function:
Inhibitory on pain
8 common neurotransmitters in the body
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Glycine
- Substance P
- Enkelphalins
- Serotonin Pathways
What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?
- mechano
- thermo
- chemo
- electromagnetic
- noci
What are the 8 types of mechanoreceptors?
- Free
- Meissner’s Corpuscle
- Hair end organ
- Ruffini’s end-organ
- Pacicnian corpuscle
- muscle spindle: annulospinal endings
- mm spindle: flower splay ending
- GTO
Free mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: skin
Function: Touch, pressure, itch, tickle
Nerve: C
Meissner’s mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: non hairy skin
Function: Exact location/ texture
Type: A-alpha
Hair end-organ mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: skin
Function: continuous touch
Nerve: A-alpha
Ruffini’s end-organ mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: deep skin and joint capsule
Function: continuous states of deformation
Nerve: A-alpha
Pacicnian mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: skin and deep fascia
Function: very rapid movement and vibration
Nerve: A-alpha
Mm spindle: Annulospinal mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: mm
Function: dynamic and static posture changes
Nerve: Type Ia
Mm spindle: flower splay mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: mm
Function: static posture changes
Nerve: type 2
GTO mechanoreceptor: location, function, nerve type?
Location: tendon
Function: tension in mm unit
Nerve: type Ib
What is the neural pathway for A-delta and C fibres?
Transmit signal to the spinal cord where it ascends or descends a few levels in the “Tract of Lissauer” to terminate in laminae 1,2,3.
- signal then enters ascending thermal fibres that cross the cord to the lateral division of the Anterolateral tract to terminate in the reticular areas, the thalamus and the sensory cortex
How is pain modulated in gate control theory?
Based on the proportion of input from the large A-beta fibres and small C fibres and A-delta fibres.
The gate is closed by:
- decreasing A-delta input by removing chemical or physical irritant
- decreasing C-fibre input by altering movement, tactile input or modalities
- increasing large fibre input
What are the 3 main components of Central modulation/ descending control of pain?
1) Periaquaductal Gray Area (PAG):
- signal sent down to SC pain inhibitory complex in dorsal horn
- releases opioids, serotonin, noradrenalin
2) a city/depression
3) respiratory patterns
What is referred pain?
Afferent fibres from separate regions converge on common neurons in CNS causing activation
- segmental convergence = spinal cord neurons
- central convergence - thalamic nucleus
Common visceral Pain referral patterns
Heart:
- sternum, base of neck, over the shoulders, pecs, down arms (L>R)
Esophagus:
- pharynx, lower neck, arms, midline chests from the upper to lower sternum
Gastric:
- lower thoracic to upper abdomen
Gall Bladder:
- upper abdomen, lower scapular and thoraco lumbar region
Pancreas:
- upper lumbar or upper abdomen
Kidney:
- upper lumbar, occassionally anterior abdomen
Bladder/ uterus:
- lower abdomen and lumbar
