The Modern World 2

Question 1

Social determinants of health

Answer 1

• ‘social and economic factors that influence peoples health… apparent in the living and working conditions that people experience everyday
• income, education, unemployment, job security, working conditions
• early childhood development, social exclusion, social safety network
• food insecurity, housing, access to health services
• aboriginal status, gender, race, disability

Question 2

epidemiology and demography

Answer 2

• epidemiological transition theory is derived from demographic transition theory
• epidemiological transition theory explains an important component of the demographic transitions by describing the varying patters of disease that are important contributors to morality

Question 3

demography

Answer 3

• structure of human populations (births deaths incidence of disease)
• demographic transitions; changes in demographic patterns over time, often associated with epidemiological transitions

Question 4

first phase demographic transition

Answer 4

• high birth rate, high death rate (low natural increase)

Question 5

second phase demographic transitions

Answer 5

• high birth rates, decreasing death rates (high natural increase)

Question 6

third phase demographic transitions

Answer 6

• declining birth rates, low death rate maintained (slowed population growth)

Question 7

final phase demographic transitions

Answer 7

• declining birth rates, replacement equals or does not exceed death rate (no increase/decrease)

Question 8

crude birth rate (CBR)

Answer 8

births per year/ births per 1000 people

Question 9

crude death rate (CDR)

Answer 9

deaths each year/ deaths per 1000 people

Question 10

rate of natural increase

Answer 10

CBR-CDR

Question 11

demographic transitions

Answer 11

• broad patterns in demographic trends related to fertility and morality

Question 12

population pyramids

Answer 12

ADD PICTURE

Question 13

socual implications of demographic change

Answer 13

• dependency ratio

Question 14

global population

Answer 14

8.2 billion

Question 15

prediction for 2100 population

Answer 15

10.4 billion

Question 16

japan population

Answer 16

• change in demographic structure
• age in population decline

Question 17

whats happening since the third transition

Answer 17

• resurgence of infectious diseases
• new infectious diseases
• climate change

Question 18

infectious diseases

Answer 18

• persistent and/or re-emerging
• cholera, plague, influenza, helminths, tuberculosis, polio, measles, scarlet fever, diptheria

Question 19

cholera

Answer 19

• Gastrointestinal disease
• bacterial infection (vibrio cholerae)
• spread through waste-contaminated food and water
• waves of epidemics, high mortality rates, varies with environmental conditions

Question 20

poliomyelitis

Answer 20

• poliovirus
• strong impact on children (franklin delano roosevelt)
• very effective vaccination developed in the 50s
• 1988 international campaign to eradicate polio
• as of october 2015, 99% reduction
• eradication ongoing; endemic in afganistan and pakistan, hunt for osama bin laden

Question 21

bubonic plague

Answer 21

• caused by a bacterua called yersinia pestis
• zoonotic disease spread from flees on rats
• major historical disease (1/3 of european population died)
• still occurs in some regions today
• 2017 outbreaj in madagascar

Question 22

tuberculosis

Answer 22

• caused by a bacterium called myobacterium tuberculosis
• at one point #1 cause of death in europe and americas
• prevalence declined with improved sanitation and medication
• Reemergence between 1985 and 1991, multi drug resistant forms, economic disparities
• very low rate in canada, cases are related to health and social inequalities

Question 23

emerging infectious diseases

Answer 23

• ebola
• HIV/AIDS
• lyme disease
• COVID-19

Question 24

ebola

Answer 24

• ebola virus
• zoonotic disease
• first outbreak in 1976, democratic republic of congo, 90% fatality rate
• outbreaks restricted by local health authorities
• 2014 epidemic

Question 25

HIV/AIDS

Answer 25

- HIV first identified as cause of AIDS in 1983 - primate origin (SIV) - can have 7-10 year latency period - global distribution

Question 26

sydemic patterns of infectious diseases

Answer 26

- a pattern of two or more health conditions or diseases that cluster in a population, interact, and worsen the health of the population - coinfection - ex. HIV/AIDS with tuberculosis

Question 27

COVID-19

Answer 27

- coronavirus (RNA virus) - arised from zoonotics

Question 28

distribution of vaccination

Answer 28

- who has access? - what happens without access? - vaccination an associated research - concern of vaccine hesitancy - herd immunity threshold

Question 29

lyme disease

Answer 29

- tick-borne - current shifts in distribution due to climate change

Question 30

other emerging challenges

Answer 30

- Opioid related mortality - high mortality at reletively younger ages - increasing proportion of young-to-middle age mortality - ages 25-54