Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY3301 > The Motor System > Flashcards

The Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 facets of hierarchical movement control?

A

Decision, sequencing, production, timing and error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major components of the motor system?

A

Forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the forebrain in the motor system?

A

Complex voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the brainstem in the motor system?

A

Timing and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the motor system?

A

Reflexes, somatosensory direction of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in hierarchical movement control?

A

Production of appropriate movement force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in hierarchical movement control?

A

Timing and accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the forebrain organize movement?

A

Motor sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are motor sequences?

A

Movement sets produced as a unit by the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What brain region is responsible for planning and initiating motor sequences?

A

Frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 motor regions of the frontal lobe?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in movement?

A

Planning movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex in movement?

A

Sequencing and organizing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex in movement?

A

Producing specific movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The PFC does not specify the precise movements to make, what does it do?

A

Decides the goal of the movement (planning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How would damage to the prefrontal cortex show in motor systems?

A

Unable to plan how to direct the goal of the movement– eg. how can i reach this water bottle?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would damage to the premotor cortex look like?

A

Motor sequences could not be accomplished (think monkeys who cannot complete motor sequences to get food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What evidence is suggestive of a movement hierarchy in the Frontal Lobe regions?

A

Directionality of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of the brainstem in controlling motor behaviour of species?

A

Responsible for species-typical behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are species-typical behaviours

A

Innate actions produced by every member of a species (eg. hissing in felines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Grooming behaviours are controlled by what region of the brain?

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Damage to the brainstem results in difficulties with what type of movement?

A

Voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is locked-in syndrome? What region of the brain causes locked-in syndrome?

A

Condition where patient is aware and awake but all voluntary muscled are paralyzed other than the oculomotor cranial nerves of the eyes (vertical movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Condition where voluntary movements are difficult, atonia and poor posture– caused by brainstem trauma before or after birth

25
Q

What is quadripalegia?

A

Paralysis and loss of sensation in both the legs and arms (C1-T1)

26
Q

What is parapalegia?

A

Paralysis and loss of sensation confined to lower body and legs (after T1)

27
Q

What is the homunculus (body map)?

A

Representation of the human body in motor cortex; bilateral, contralateral control

28
Q

What region of the motor cortex controls lower limbs?

A

Dorsal

29
Q

What region of the motor cortex (M1) controls upper body, hands and face?

A

Ventral

30
Q

The motor cortex represents not specific muscles, but rather what?

A

A grouping of movement categories.

31
Q

True or false: M1 neurons are activated not just while performing a particular movement but also when imagining those movements as well

A

True

32
Q

What are corticospinal tracts/pyramidal tracts?

A

Efferent pathways from the motor cortex to the brainstem and then to the spinal cord to produce movements

33
Q

Why are there two corticospinal tracts, one crossed (lateral) and one uncrossed (anterior)?

A

Axons descend from the motor cortex into the brainstem, then half cross over to the opposite side of the brainstem.

34
Q

What is the role of the crossed/lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Moving limbs on opposite side

35
Q

What is the role of the uncrossed/anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Moving muscles at the midline of the body on the same side

36
Q

What are lateral neurons in the spine?

A

Neurons that project to limbs to produce movement

37
Q

What are medial neurons?

A

Neurons that control the body’s trunk

38
Q

How do motor neurons produce body movement?

A

These motor neurons will eventually synapse with the muscles that ultimately produce the body movement

39
Q

What are the 3 motor nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum)
Subthalamic nucleus
Globus pallidus

40
Q

Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex (motor cortex) and dopaminergic system (substantia nigra)

41
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the force of movement?

A

Control and coordination

42
Q

What damaged region to the basal ganglia causes hyperkinetic movements and dyskinesias?

A

Striatum (Caudate and putamen)

43
Q

What damaged region to the basal ganglia causes hypokinetic movements?

A

Substantia nigra

44
Q

What is the associative cause of parkinson’s disease?

A

Associated with dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia and its connections with the substantia nigra

45
Q

What is parkinsonism?

A

an umbrella term referring to the common motor disorder symptoms, which may occur in conditions outside of just PD

46
Q

What is true about disposition to Parkinson’s?

A

Can be idiopathic or non-idiopathic

47
Q

What is an effective treatment for early PD symptoms?

A

Deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra and other areas of the basal ganglia

48
Q

What is Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea)?

A

A genetic condition in which there is a build of the huntingtin protein which causes neurodegeneration of the basal ganglia

49
Q

What is true about the development of Huntington’s disease?

A

It is autosomnal dominant– If you have the allele you will develop the disease.

Onset is around 30-40yrs

50
Q

What is the time course of HD?

A

Progressive 10-15 years

51
Q

What are symptoms of HD?

A

Triad of symptoms:
A progressive motor disturbance
Cognitive impairment
Psychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, late-stage psychosis)

52
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

A motor speech disorder; characterized by difficulties controlling the tongue and speech muscles/structures

53
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulties with swallowing; leads to difficulty with eating

54
Q

What happens when we practice or neglect to practice a motor skill?

A

We lose or gain the skills – cerebellum does this work

55
Q

What is the anatomy of the cerebellum?

A

Flocculus and two hemispheres (lateral and medial)

56
Q

What is the Flocculus (floccular lobe)?

A

Small but dense lobe; projects from the ventral surface
Involved in eye movements and balance (input from the vestibular system)

57
Q

What are the hemispheric roles of the cerebellum?

A

Lateral parts
Controls movement of limbs, hands, feet, and digits
Medial parts
Controls movement of face and midline of body

58
Q

How does the Cerebellum improve movement control?

A

Timing
Maintaining movement accuracy (correction of errors)

59
Q

How does the cerebellum correct movement errors?

A

Involved with balance and orientation

PSY3301 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions