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A level RS --> philosophy > the nature and attributes of God > Flashcards

the nature and attributes of God Flashcards

1
Q

2 key areas that focus on time

A
  1. meta physical questions
  2. ontological questions
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2
Q

key features of metaphysical questions

A

-definition: this is what is needed for time to exist
- there are 2 views in this (claimed by Mullin):
—> relational theories: time exists if change exists
—> absolutist theories: change does not need to occur, there just needs to be a being who exists that could change

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3
Q

key features of ontological questions

A
  • definition: looks at how time exists
  • Mullin claims there are 3 views here:
    1. Presentism: only present exists (past has already gone, future does not exist)-main position
    2. Growing block: past+present both exist, not the future bc this hasn’t happened yet
    3. Eternalism: past, present, future equally exist- they are all equally present. there is no flow of time, just a matter of perspective— e.g.London still exists even though I am in Bham
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4
Q

scholar view on God’s relationship with time

A

Mawson:
“the differing views of God’s relations to time have knock-on effects for how omniscience, omnipotent and perfect goodness should be understood”

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5
Q

eternity and the philosophical view of God- what is this?

A
  • view that God’s eternity should be viewed as timeless
  • he is a being outside of/transcending time and space
  • a temporal
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6
Q

eternity and the philosophical view of God- key features

A
  1. relational view of time: time exists if change exists, but God is immutable and doesn’t change, so isn’t ‘in’ time
  2. temporal language: tl only applies to the universe, not God
  3. Eternalism: this position accepts eternalism for God, he knows all moments of time as one
  4. Omniscience: he knows all the things we will do and all events that will occur simultaneously
  5. Acting: God’s actions all done at once- simultaneous
  6. Endurantism: god’s identity doesn’t change - has impassibility: God doesn’t have emotions as this would involve change
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7
Q

eternity and the philosophical view of God- why?

A
  • arguably the only position that logically follows from the perfection of God— the only conclusion you can reach. This is because God wouldn’t have all his qualities if he was in time - e.g. to be immutable, you dont change, but if God was in time, this would involve change
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8
Q

Boethius and philosophical view of God

A

God is eternal because:
- he sees all at once (his presentism is not under the conditions/limits of time like time is for us)
- he is not affected by time- he exists in some form of time that doesn’t change—> this is enabled by his omnipotence
- God can’t change past/future because this doesn’t exist to him: he has “the whole simultaneous and complete possession of eternal life all at once”

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9
Q

Anselm and philosophical view of God

A
  • he is timeless- this enables him to be omnipotent
  • god is not constrained by laws of time
  • god exists in a 4th dimension —> P,P + F is all at once- this is the eternal present
  • every time and space is IN God, not vice versa
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10
Q

Augustine and philosophical view of God

A
  • God is timeless bc Genesis says he created time
  • God sees P,P +F simultaneously as one
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11
Q

Aquinas and philosophical view of God

A
  • God is timeless bc he created the world in 1 single timeless act
  • no succession for God
  • there is a change in how WE experience God, but God himself can’t change: his nature and will doesn’t change but his activity does because this enables people to have a relationship with him
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12
Q

+ve of the philosophical view: God’s nature can be possible

A
  • can be fully omniscient: he fully knows the F, P +P- this is bc they are all available to him as h lives in the timeless present
  • can be truly transcendent: beyond time and space not within them BUT he is also still immanent as his knows all time and all things but not by being in time + space
  • shows how ‘other’ God is: why he truly is TTWNGCBT + should be worshipped
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13
Q

+ ve of the philosophical view: does not limit god

A
  • God is not bound by the limits of time—>so if god is perfect he is TTWNGCBT
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14
Q

+ ve of the philosophical view: in line with science as time

A
  • bc time is believed to have started when the universe began and will end when /if the universe ends
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15
Q

-ve of the philosophical view: does God have these qualities

A
  • can he be truly immanent if he is outside of time?
  • can god really be omniscient if he is not in time- he can only know timeless truths like maths, rather than truths that require you to be in time, e.g. what it is like to eat cake
    —> Swinburne: he would simultaneously know all the events of human history at the same time- how can he know 2 everts at the same time when they happened at different times?
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16
Q

-ve of the philosophical view: not the view of God in the Bible

A
  • Swinburne: “The Hebrew bible shows no knowledge of the doctrine of divine timelessness”
  • William Hasker: “if God is truly timeless… then how can God act in time”
  • Pike: supports this view
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17
Q

-ve of the philosophical view: God responsible for evil?

A
  • is he evil if he knows what will happen and does not help prevent evil?
  • if this is the correct view of God (philo) does this mean he can never truly conquer evil bc he isn’t in time?
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18
Q

-ve of the philosophical view: meaningless

A
  • Anthony Kenny + other logical positivists argue a timeless eternity is meaningless and “radically incoherent”
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19
Q

eternity and the biblical view of god- what is this?

A
  • bible shows eternity of God should be understood as everlasting where God exists for all time but always in the present —> he is temporal, not timeless
  • arg that the philosophical view is too focused on reason and not enough on revelation
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20
Q

eternity and the biblical view of god- key features

A
  1. eternity is everlasting + exists before and after this universe
  2. absolute position of time: time can exist even with no change, all that is needed is the possibility for change (e.g. before creation, time occurred, and God could have changed things, but he just decided not to)
  3. critical of Aristotle: arg that God does change- but his essential nature/character does not change - instead an eg of his change is him creating the universe. the change can be understood in a morally neutral way
  4. There is succession for God- he sees the present fully: bible: “A thousand ages in your sight are but an evening gone”
  5. How God acts: God interacts with the world- this is the ‘real present’ and was where he responds to prayers…
  6. Impassibility: God has emotions - but this isn’t a change of his nature/character
  7. The future: some argue God does know the future as he exists in all time. some (openness theology) argue he doesn’t bc its not possible to logically predict the future- but that this doesn’t limit his omniscience
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21
Q

eternity and the biblical view of god- scholar: Swinburne

A
  • supports everlasting view of God
  • God can change his mind (e.g. when God told Isaiah he was going to die, Hezekiah prayed to God and then God increased his life by 15 years)
  • doesn’t know our future but can make accurate predictions
  • Barth: agrees w/ Sw because the incarnation shows God acts in time
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22
Q

eternity and the biblical view of god: Cahn

A
  • everlasting view and that this doesn’t limit God because the future is not a real thing yet
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23
Q

eternity and the biblical view of god: scholar: Schleiermacher

A
  • everlasting view
  • God knows the future in a way that he has accurate predications bc he knows us so well
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24
Q

+ve of eternity and the biblical view of god: God’s nature/character

A

-God can still transcend time - he just transcends created time (not uncreated) - this is the type of time we experience

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25
Q

+ve of eternity and the biblical view of god: enables humans to be fully free + makes God less responsible

A
  • bc the future isn’t already known and fixed
  • God less responsible for evil because he doesn’t know the bad about to happen
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26
Q

+ve eternity and the biblical view of god: god is responsive

A
  • he can respond to prayers in real time — so worship isn’t a waste of time
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27
Q

-ve of eternity and the biblical view of god; God’s nature

A
  • might not be omnipotent: God may be a prisoner of time- Paul Helm says once god created this world, he can’t go back and experience time without this method of measurement
  • may not be truly transcendent : if time is without him, how can he transcend time?
  • may not be truly omniscient: doesn’t know the future
  • is this being truly God? Mawson: “the idea that to be worthy of the name ‘God’, the being in question has to be, well, perfect”- a temporal being is not perfect, or they would be a temporal
  • is this God worthy of worship?
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28
Q

Omniscience- what it means

A
  • God knows everything
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29
Q

Omniscience- how it links to other attributes

A
  • this includes omnipresent (present everywhere and absent no where)- this is why he can know everything
  • God being a judge(requires knowledge of what people have done in order to assess them)
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30
Q

what does it mean to be all knowing?

A
  • both theistic and classical view accept God to be all knowing —> but understood differently
  • there are problems with omniscience: does he know what it is like to be something, such as being scared? does God have practical knowledge, such as how to ride a bike?
  • most answer ^ questions by saying: God’s omniscience means God knows everything that is logically possible for a God to know - (both views agree that these problems^ should be rejected bc not necessary for God to know)
  • he has perfect knowledge to perfectly be God
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31
Q

omniscience and the classical timeless view:

A
  • claims God knows all past, present and future, but he knows this all as one
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32
Q

omniscience and the classical timeless view: Boethius

A
  • God is timeless + so sees all as one simultaneously as he transcends time because he is “looking upon all out of the infinite”
  • God knows the future, but this doesn’t take away from our freedom bc there is a diff between knowing what will happpen and causing it to happen
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33
Q

omniscience and the classical timeless view: Augustine

A
  • God is timeless, knows p,p,f all as one simultaneously
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34
Q

omniscience and the classical timeless view: Anselm

A
  • God’s knowledge is 4 dimensional - the p,p,f all exists as one for him in an eternal present
  • he sees all moments of time at once
35
Q

omniscience and the classical timeless view: Aquinas

A
  • God’s omniscience is not like our knowledge: it differs in type+kind—> we need to understand this analogically which means we will never fully grasp it
  • he knows all there is to know by just knowing himself- he knows this simultaneously: Michael Dummett: “for every true proposition, He knows that it is true”
36
Q

+ve of omniscience and the classical timeless view

A
  • shows God is perfect + unlimited bc he really knows everything - he is TTWNCBT
  • would be worthwhile worshipping this God as he knows the future
  • shows God is transcendent
  • shows gods knowledge is not conditional at all—> he knows everything in one timeless present + its not based on whether he sees what we are actually doing (so its not conditional on whether certain things occur)
  • supported by Bible: “Before a word is on my tongue, you know it completely”
37
Q

-ve of omniscience and the classical timeless view

A
  • are humans truly free
  • if future is fixed is it worth praying for a God
  • is God responsible for evil? culpable just as we would be if this happening in a court of law- he knows what we will do and does nothing to prevent it
  • Swinburne: if this is the case, God is a very lifeless God: “not a person who reacts to men with sympathy or anger”
38
Q

omniscience and biblical everlasting God

A
  • God omniscience is understood as being in time
  • he knows all things that logically can follow from being in time –> for most, this means not knowing the future as this doesn’t limit God as the future isn’t real
39
Q

omniscience and biblical everlasting God: different philosophical views

A

Schleiermacher:
- claims being in time, God doesn’t know the future and future hasn’t happened. God knows the future the same way 2 v close individuals can predict what the other will do. BUT most Christians disagree w/ this bc foreknowledge is only a v educated guess- but God is infallible

Swinburne:
- he claims omniscient means to know everything - future is not a knowable true statement so God not knowing this does not limit his omniscience. also thinks god can make predictions

Cahn: agrees w/ Swinburne

40
Q

+ve of omniscience and biblical view

A
  • maintains our freedom
  • God not resp for evil
41
Q

-ve of omniscience and biblical view

A
  • can he really be omniscient if doesn’t know future + even if he can make predictions these could be wrong
  • is he worthy of worship
  • is he really a perf god who is TTWNCBT
42
Q

Freedom- what is it?

A
  • (freedom of will) - the idea that we are able to choose our moral actions
  • Liberty of indifference: we are compl free and can rise above our genes + environ infl
  • Liberty of spontaneity: we are free but our choices are determined by our nature
  • Determinism: have no freedom + this is an illusion- cant escape our nature/nurture
43
Q

Freewill in Christianity

A
  • freedom is central
  • lots of Chr believe you are free to choose whether to be good/bad
  • but some think we are pre-destined –god has decided our destiny
  • ISSUE: freedom conflicts w/ belief that God is omnipotent+omniscient… Davies- if God knows our future before it occurs, it is fixed and then cant change, so is decided
    –> some believe in predestination – St Paul: “He foreknew”
44
Q

Freedom and the classical timeless God- Boethius

A
  • Humans have free will even though he knows the choices we will make before we make them
  • Boethius: God knowing future is not unconditionally causal (doesn’t cause us to behave how we do) because
    —> 1. simple necessity: the necessity is unconditional as it happens regardless of any choices I make (e.g. something that is mortal dies, bc this is what mortal means)
    —> 2. conditioned necessity: what has to follow once a choice is made (a necessary consequence of the choice)- e.g.if I choose to walk then certain actions have to follow for me to walk
    —> SO: “God’s foreknowledge does not impose necessity on things”
    —> God just sees our choices and their consequences in an a temporal present which is why we are still free - he is not responsible for any evil bc his knowledge doesn’t cause us to make the actions
45
Q

freedom and classical timeless god- Anselm (dev. Boethius point)

A
  • God is in 4th dimension – P,P,F all known at once– no such thing as future/future choices to god
  • so we are free
46
Q

freedom and classical timeless god- Calvin

A
  • bc God is truly omnipotent we don’t have freewill bc this is the only way for him to be omnipotent
  • our nature is so corrupt it would be a waste of time for us to have free will anyways– SO to overcome this, out of god’s love, he picks some of us to go to heaven and others to hell(what we deserve)
  • “we ascribe both foreknowledge and predestination to God”
47
Q

+ve of freedom and classical timeless god

A
  • maintains perfection of God
  • shows God is truly other and TTWNCBT
  • in line w/ biblical passages that claim we can be free even though god knows all
48
Q

-ve freedom and classical timeless god-

A
  • Pike: humans aren’t free in this position- bc if god knows everything our position is fixed
  • Kenny: claiming we are free because God’s knowledge is timeless is “radically incoherent”
  • Eleanor Stump: no point in praying to God
  • is god responsible for our actions
49
Q

Freedom + Biblical view of God

A
  • he is everlasting and as such, in time, so succession occurs for him as he knows P +P
  • Swinburne: means human freewill is possible because he is everlasting and so the future is not known to him
  • Schleiermacher: god knows our character so well- can make accurate predictions– so are also free - most chr reject this
  • Peter Geach: God is like a grand chess player: if we played chess w. him, we would be completely free to make a move but as he knows every possible move open to us on the board he does know the consequences of each move— so we are free to make any move but he knows all the possible moves and their consequences
50
Q

+ve of Freedom + Biblical view of God

A
  • we are genuinely free + resp for our actions
  • in line w/ bible that we are free-e.g Adam and Eve
    -god is dynamic and loving- not just a passive observer like in timeless view
51
Q

-ve of Freedom + Biblical view of God

A
  • Swinburne view: is he all powerful if god doesn’t know future
  • is he TTWNCBT ? he can be improved upon
52
Q

omnipotence- what is it + why is it important

A
  • “the quality of having unlimited power”
  • his other attributes depend on this e.g. he can only know everything if he is omnipotent
53
Q

omnipotence seen in the Bible:

A
  • creation stories
  • “with god all things are possible”
54
Q

omnipotence debates

A
  • God can do everything, including the logically impossible: making a square circle. God could also create free beings who only ever want to do good (Smart’s Utopian hypothesis)- which then poses if this god is evil
  • other arg is: God can only do what is compatible w/ his nature (main biblical view). cant be evil bc he is morally perfect, cant commit suicide bc he is eternal.
55
Q

omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God

A
  • god is fully omnipotent bc this is what it means to be perfect
  • this omnipotence is used to create the universe in 1 act
56
Q

omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God: Augustine

A

thinks god can do all things including what we can’t understand, but chooses not to as they aren’t consistent w/ or are contrary to his nature: “He cannot do some things precisely bc He is omnipotent”

57
Q

omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God: Aquinas

A

understood as what is logically possible- what is logically impossible is not a real task/thing
- e.g. making a square circle is not real and is nonsense
- this includes things like God being evil, this is impossible bc it is contrary to his nature
- “God could not make things that go against these principles”
- differs from Augustine as God is not choosing not to do these things- instead, he cant do this because they are not real things

58
Q

omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God: Descartes

A
  • god can do all things including the logically impossible- just bc we cant understand this doesnt mean it isn’t true
  • some disagree with this though, esp as the Bible says “it is impossible for God to lie”
59
Q

+ve of omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God

A
  • shows he is fully perfect as his true omnipotence has been maintained
  • coheres w/ Chr views about God who believe he can do everything
  • shows god is truly worthy of worship bc he is TTWNCBT
60
Q

-ve of omnipotence and the classical/philosophical view of God:

A
  • (aquinas POV): is he omnipotent if cant do all things? Mackie: god cant do everything bc he cant control the universe as there is evil within it
  • why is it worth praying to this god? Stump: he already knows what you are asking + has already responded to this before you were even created
  • evil in the world
61
Q

omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god

A
  • he can do all things that a being who is everlasting can do
  • god limits his abilities out of love, thus doesnt take away from our freedom
62
Q

omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god: Swinburne

A

God’s omnipotence means he can do everything, but not the logically contradictory as this is not a real thing + inconsistent w/ universe

63
Q

omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god: A N Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne

A
  • his omnipotence doesnt include knowing the future
  • he has power that cannot be surpassed by any other being rather than having total power, bc Hartshorne argues if you win a race, but are the only one competing, this means nothing
64
Q

omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god: Peter Vardy

A
  • agrees w/ Augustine that God limits himself, but also thinks that God limits his knowledge so humans can be fully free
  • “his limitation does not, however, lessen God”
65
Q

+ve of omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god:

A
  • still maintains the omnipotence of God bc claims he is all powerful, but within the confines of what is logically poss
  • he will answer your prayers in real time= worthy of worship
  • compatible w/ freewill
66
Q

-ve omnipotence and the biblical personal view of god:

A
  • can god do everything? bc only a being that doesnt limit themselves is all powerful
  • is he all powerful if doesnt know the future
  • existence of evil in the world qs his powerfulness
67
Q

omnibenevolence- what is this?

A
  • means good will
  • in Chr - this is understood to be connected w/ god’s love
  • in Chr: links omnibenevolne to justice (giving people what they deserve)- seen in the Day of Judgement
  • issue: is the catholic teaching nulla sales (no salvation for those outside the church), or there being evil in the world, conflicting to gods said omnib
  • Aristotle: to be truly good you must perform from a good motive
68
Q

omni benevolence and the classical/philosophical view of God

A
  • influenced by Plato’s Form of the Good or Aristotle’s Prime mover – the understanding is that god is fully perfect and immutable, having impassibility
  • bc omnib he is the goal everyone wants to reach (telos)
  • note: this view of god is not morally good as this applies to being who have the potential to be immoral (not applicable to god)
  • his goodness is different to ours- its not on the same scale as us- he just IS
69
Q

omni benevolence and the classical/philosophical view of God: Aquinas

A
  • gods omnib doesnt change- it is seen in his 1 timeless act of creation. doesnt change depending on our prayers and wishes BUT our exp of his goodness can change on how close we are to god
  • Gods omnib also linked to justice (2 types):
    –> 1. mutual giving and receiving, which Aristotle calls commutative justice. this changes.
    –> 2. distributive justice- what god is linked to as he gives people what they need to flourish based on his wisdom/gooness
  • “What is due to each things is what it needs according to the divine wisdom”
70
Q

omni benevolence and the classical/philosophical view of God: Augustine

A
  • omnib means god is the source of goodness as he is perfectly good
  • his goodness filters down his creation
71
Q

+ve of omni benevolence and the classical/philosophical view

A
  • god truly perfect - central to all other attributes
  • truly worth of worship
  • explains how evil is not of his creation but instead privation of the good god has made
72
Q

-ve omni benevolence and the classical/philosophical view of God

A
  • not fully inline w/ bible- bible discusses god as good in a moral sense and says god does not have impassibility. also not what chr mean when they say god is good
  • is god good w/ evil in creation. augustines view is that god is good and evil is a privation + not something he has created – but this still means there is evil=conflicts.. both Mill and Hume agree saying that he cant be omnib and there be evil bc these 2factors are incompatible
73
Q

omni benevolence and the biblical/theistic god

A
  • goodness is connected to moral goodness, where god is seen to be morally perfect –> he is on the same kind of scale as us, so we can understand it. he has the same kind of goodness as us but not to the same degree.
  • impassibility: this view of goodness accepts that god does have emotions (he gets sad, angry, happy)
74
Q

omni benevolence and the biblical/theistic god: Swinburne

A
  • “he [god] always does the morally best action…and no morally bad action”
  • thus his goodness is linked to him being morally good
75
Q

omni benevolence and the biblical/theistic god: Moltmann

A
  • gods omnib means he is involved in the world - suffering when humans suffer
  • this is particularly Clear when god becomes Jesus
76
Q

omni benevolence and the biblical/theistic god: Frankena

A
  • gods omnib includes justice, but this doesnt mean treating everyone equally but providing people w the right amount of good in their lives that will enable them to flourish
  • so the quantity each person gets will differ, but still means people are equally valued
77
Q

+ve of omni benevolence and the biblical/theistic god

A
  • truly in line w/ bible
  • makes god v personal and so worthy of worship
78
Q

key eval points- timeless god

A

+he really is transcendent, he really is other, so he is worthy of worship
- this^ comes at a cost not a personal God- how did this God become Jesus? hard to understand

+ in line with the Bible
- but Bible talks about a different kind of God, the biblical support often contradicts this

79
Q

key eval points- Biblical view

A

+ personal God- more involved and engaged with people
- not as powerful bc doesnt know the future- is he worthy of worship?

80
Q

discussion point: is it possible, or necessary, to resolve the apparent conflicts between the traditional attributes of God: FOR

A
  • conflict cant be resolved because there’s no way of showing how God can be both omnipotent and omniscient if humans are also said to be free (which is what should follow from a loving God)
  • there are contradictions in the philosophical view because even if God’s knowledge is different to ours both in kind and degree, meaning this doesn’t cause us to act the way we do and there is no future for God to see- this is so incomprehensible to humans that it doesnt make any sense + therefore shows its not possible for humans to resolve any apart conflicts between God’s attributes.
  1. Boethius- foreknowledge- simple + conditional necessity
  2. Swinburne- open theology - God doesnt know the future
  3. Calvin- denying the omnibenevolene of God
81
Q

discussion point: is it possible, or necessary, to resolve the apparent conflicts between the traditional attributes of God: AGAINST

A
    • Pike - leeway
      - Davies
      - Kenny
    • limits God, is this God?
      doesnt match the bible
    • is this God?
82
Q

discussion point: Which understanding of the relationship between God and time (that of Boethius and Anselm or Swinburne) is the most useful? FOR

A
  1. Boethius + Anselm - timeless (a-temporal), no succession etc… why this is useful
  2. Swinburne- everlasting- in time- has succession- doesnt know the future- schleiermacher. works w/ bible and worthy of worship.
83
Q

discussion point: Which understanding of the relationship between God and time (that of Boethius and Anselm or Swinburne) is the most useful? AGAINST

A
  1. not fully in line with the Bible- it cant explain how God can become Jesus- Kenny logically incoherent - its not a personal or immanent God. Pike- it denies human freedom which is central to christianity.
  2. limits God too much- so is this God worthy of worship? it ignores biblical ref where god does know the future: Garden of Gethsemene
  3. not possible to answer this question as to know what is the most successful requires us to know and understand God, and that’s not poss

A level RS --> philosophy (3 decks)

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