The Need To Belong Flashcards
We are social animals what is an advantage of this
This has been evolutionary advantageous
Define the need to belong
A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions (Meyers and Spencer)
Human beings are driven by a desire to form and maintain relationships
We form attachments readily
We resist dissolutions of bonds
What important consequences are there if the need to belong is not met ?
Influences social relationships, health and well being
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- self actualisation (morality, problem solving)
- esteem (respect for others, confidence)
- love and belonging (sexual, friendships)
- safety (security of body, employment of resources)
- physiological ( breathing, sex, sleep)
What did Warren Jones say
In the two decades of studying loneliness, I have met many people who say they have no friends. I have never met anyone who didn’t want to have friends
What are the individual differences in the need to belong
Those with a high need to belong are more likely to engage in establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships and tend to be more interpersonally skilled
Full deprivation of interpersonal contact is extremely stressful. Name two key examples which emphasise this
Prisoners in solitary confinement at San quetinin prison fulfilled their need for social contact by communicating via toilets.
Official cuddle parties, first documented in America are becoming popular for those who feel isolated.
What do initiation ceremonies demonstrate
The extent people will go to in order to fit in and be part of a group
State 4 reactions to signs of acceptance
Pride
Joy and happiness
Higher self esteem
Self confidence
What are the positive consequences of belonging (health)
Physical health, lower incidences of heart attacks,strokes, cancers
Mental health, reduced stress, anxiety and depression
Higher level of well being
What were the findings of the Charleston heart study
Separated and divorced participants at the start of the study had higher mortality rates and died at an earlier average age than other groups
Harlow’s monkeys were separated from mothers up to 12 hours after birth and put to isolated cages. They had surrogate mothers made of wire or wood covered with soft terry cloth. What were the findings from this study
Even when the wire mother was the source of food the infant monkey spent greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate. Monkeys were then completely isolated in the well of despair.
The terry cloth mothers were necessary for healthy development but not sufficient for normal development
When Harlow’s monkeys returned to society what was the outcome
Harlow’s monkeys became indifferent or abusive to other monkeys unable to form relations with them and to mate
What did Goldfarb find about the negative consequences of being lonely ?
Social isolation of institutionalised children lead to poorer intelligence and social maturity compared with children who were fostered
What did Spitz 1945 find about the negative consequences of being lonely
Children raised in South American orphanages suffered depression and apathy
What did Bowlby find about the negative consequences of being lonely
Maternal deprivation can be irreversible long term consequences include depression,aggressiveness, delinquency and intellectual retardation.
What are the negative consequences of being lonely. List emotions
Sadness, hurt feelings, anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, anger, shame and embarrassment
What are the negative consequences of being lonely on physical well being
Greater stress Poor quality sleep Decreased cognitive function Decreased immunity Die sooner Greater incidence of fatal heart attacks, tuberculosis, cancer
What are the negative consequences of being lonely on psychological well being
Diminished mental well being
Depression
Social anxiety
Suicide
What is a negative consequence of being lonely on an individual’s behaviour
Act aggressively and more likely to commit crime
Why do relationships with others lead to better psychological and physical health outcomes?
The role of social support…
Close relationships involve greater intimacy and opportunities for self-disclosure and sharing of feelings and fears
Close others could encourage each other to seek medical help if a potential problem is found
Close others may encourage greater compliance with medical treatment
The experience of being with someone in a steady relationship might reduce contact with some potential hazards such as STD
Define the term ostracism
The act of individuals or groups excluding or ignoring other groups or individuals
What are the different research paradigms used to investigate ostracism
Experimental Conversation Ball tossing Role play Qualitative Narratives Interviews
