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the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the central nervous system made of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

function of receptors

A

detects the stimulus by changing it’s energy into electrical energy

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3
Q

what is an effector

A

a structure that responds to nerve impulses, may be a muscle or a gland

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4
Q

types of nerve cells

A

sensory neurone
motor neurone
relay neurone

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5
Q

features of sensory neurone

A

1.transmits nerve impulses from receptor to central nervous system
2.cell body located outside CNS
3.has a long dendron
4.has a short axon

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6
Q

features of motor neurone

A

1.transmits nerve impulses from central nervous system to muscles and glands
2.cell body is located inside the CNS
3.cell body has dendrites which are junctions with other neurons
4.has long axon to carry nerve impulses to effector organ
5.the axon is covered by myelin sheath which insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of impulses
6.the impulse is transmitted from the axon to the muscle through a synapse called nerve muscle junction

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7
Q

function of relay neurone

A

transmits nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neurone

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8
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gap between two neurons across which a nerve impulse can pass by chemicals known as neurotransmitters

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9
Q

structure of spinal cord

A

the middle part is called the grey matter
the outside part is called the white matter

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10
Q

mechanism of transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse

A

1.impulses arrive down the axon of one neuron
2.the impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
3.neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap
4.neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the membrane of the second neuron generating another electrical impulse

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11
Q

what is a reflex action

A

automatic, involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus, which often protects the body

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12
Q

reflex arc of withdrawal of a finger from a hot object

A

1.receptor responds to a stimulus and sends nerve impulses to sensory neurone
2.sensory neurone transmits nerve impulse from receptor to CNS
3.relay neurone transmits nerve impulse from sensory neurone to motor neurone
4.motor neurone transmits nerve impulse from CNS to effector
5.effector responds to nerve impulse and contracts and pulls hand away

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13
Q

features of the reflex arc

A

1.involuntary
2.fast response

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14
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain which is made of two cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

3 functions of the cerebrum

A

1.has sensory areas that receive and process information from our sensory organs
2.it has motor areas where all voluntary actions originate
3.it is the origin of all higher activities, such as memory, emotions and personality

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16
Q

where is the cerebellum

A

behind the cerebrum

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17
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinating muscle contraction
maintaining balance

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18
Q

where is the medulla

A

underneath the cerebrum

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19
Q

function of medulla

A

1.connects the spinal cord with the brain
2.controls basic body activities, such as heart beat and breathing rate

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20
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus

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21
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

secretes hormones into the blood

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22
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

1.coordinates between nervous and endocrine system
2.responsible for many homeostatic processes

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23
Q

causes of alzheimer’s disease

A

build up of two proteins in brain cells called amyloid and tau, which damage and kill brain cells

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24
Q

symptoms of alzheimer’s

A

forgetting recent events, names, and faces
becoming increasingly repetitive
getting lost
becoming anxious
problems with speech

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25
treatment of alzheimer's
1.in early stages, they take drugs that increase the amount of neurotransmitters 2.non drug treatment can be used(activities that stimulate thinking skills)
26
causes of vascular dementia
diseased or damaged blood vessels in the brain which decrease the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells so the cells die
27
symptoms of vascular dementia
problems with memory and thinking
28
treatment of vascular dementia
drugs are used to lower the blood cholesterol to lower the risk of strokes
29
causes of parkinson's disease
1.death of certain neurons in the brain which produce the neurotransmitters dopamine 2.decrease of dopamine levels causes abnormal brain activity
30
symptoms of parkinson's disease
1.difficulty in walking 2.posture becomes bent over 3.difficulty in speaking clearly 4.loss of automatic movement
31
treatment of parkinson's disease
Livodopa
32
causes of schizophrenia
1.high levels of dopamine 2.stress 3.drug abuse
33
symptoms of schizophrenia
1.lack of interest in things 2.becoming anxious 3.hallucinations 4.difficulty in concentrating
34
treatment of schizophrenia
1.antipsychotic drugs 2.family intervention therapy
35
causes of depression
1.mental health problems 2.poor physical health 3.bad childhood experience 4.life changing events 5.drugs or alcohol abuse
36
symptoms of depression
1.feeling sad or upset 2.unable to relate to other people 3.no self esteem 4.suicidal thoughts
37
treatment of depression
1.antidepressant drugs 2.taking therapy
38
examples of illegal drugs
heroin cannabis cocaine
39
dangers of heroine
1.addiction 2.overdose can lead to death 3.withdrawal symptoms 4.criminal behavior
40
dangers of cannabis
1.hallucinations 2.user becomes confused 3.anxious 4.depression
41
dangers of cocaine
1.highly addictive 2.increase heart rate and blood pressure to a dangerous high level 3.nose bleeding 4.tremors 5.seizures 6.dizzines
42
what is alcohol
a brain depressant, slows down nervous system
43
dangers of alcohol
1.delayed response to a stimulus 2.large amounts interfere with balance and muscular control 3.blurred vision 4.high conc. can lead to coma and death
44
alcohol addiction
causes brain damage, damage to the lining of the stomach, and liver cirrhosis
45
what is paracetamol
a painkiller that inhibits an enzyme controlling the production of chemicals in the body called prostaglandins which cause pain and fever
46
what does paracetamol do
reduces fever by affecting the area of the brain regulating the temperature
47
function of cornea
bends lights
48
function of lens
bends and focuses the light into the retina
49
function of iris
changes the size of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye
50
function of choroid
contains dark pigments to prevent reflection of light rays inside the eye
51
function of retina
has light receptors(rods and cones)
52
function of fovea
point of clearest vision(has most vision)
53
function of blind spot
point of no vision on retina(has no rods or cones)
54
function of optic nerve
transmits nerve impulse from retina to the brain
55
function of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament
changes the shape of the lens in accommodation
56
pupil reflex in bright light
circular muscles of iris contract radial muscle of iris relax pupil becomes smaller
57
pupil reflex in dim light
circular muscle of iris relax radial muscle of iris contract pupil becomes larger
58
accommodation to near object
ciliary muscle contracts suspensory ligaments are loose lens is fat
59
accommodation to distant object
ciliary muscle relax suspensory ligaments are tight lens is thin
60
what is binocularvision
to see an object with both eyes at the same time
61
advantages of binocularvision
3d vision judging distances wide field of vision
62
what is long sight
when the lens is not convex enough or the eyeball is too short, has difficulty focusing on nearby objects
63
treatment of long sight
using convex lenses or glasses
64
what is short sight
when the lens is too convex or the eyeball is too long, difficulty focusing on far objects
65
treatment of short sight
using concave lenses
66
what is astigmatism
a minor defect in the structure of the eye that causes blurred vision
67
treatment of regular astigmatism
wearing glasses or contact lenses
68
treatment of irregular astigmatism
only contact lenses
69
what is cataract
condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque
70
treatment of cataract
by surgery
71
what is corneal transplant
when the cornea is damaged it can be replaced by a cornea from a donor
72
the ear has 3 parts:
outer, middle, and inner
73
function of the outer ear
directs sound waves to the ear drum causing it to vibrate
74
function of the middle ear
amplify the vibrations as they pass through small bones(malleus, incus, and stapes)
75
function of stapes
transmits the vibrations to the cochlea
76
function of eustachian tube
connects the middle ear to the throat and allows pressure to equalize on both sides of the ear drum
77
function of cochlea
has receptor cells that convert the vibrations to nerve impulses
78
role of ear in hearing
1.ear pinna collects sound waves from air 2.sound waves enter the ear causing the ear drum to vibrate 3.the 3 ossicles amplifies vibrations and transmits it from the ear drum to the cochlea 4.the fluid in the cochlea vibrates stretching receptor cells 5.the receptor cells respond by generating nerve impulses at the neurons 6.impulses are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve
79
role of ear in balance
1.in the swelling at the end of semicircular canals are more hair cells embedded in a jelly like mass called cupula 2.movement of fluid in semicircular canals cause the cupula to pull on hair cells 3.hair cells send nerve impulses to the brain 4.the canals are arranged in right angles to each other to detect movement in any direction
80
noise induced hearing loss
1.long lasting sounds can damage the sensitive structures within the ear causing hearing loss 2.a very loud noise such as an explosion, can rupture the ear drum 3.exposure to loud noise can cause temporary deafness or buzzing sounds in the ear called tinnitus
81
what is a hormone
a chemical that is usually protein in nature, secreted by an endocrine gland, transported, and dissolved in plasma, and works on specific target organs
82
source of adrenaline
adrenal gland
83
role of adrenaline
prepares body for stress
84
effect of adrenaline
1. increase heart rate, so more blood reaches the muscle, more respiration, and energy release, and remove excess co2 and lactic acid 2.increase breathing rate and dilates bronchioles, so more oxygen reaches the muscles, more respiration, and energy release, and removes excess o2 3.converts glycogen in liver to glucose, so more glucose reaches the muscles, more respiration occurs and energy is released
85
what happens during negative feedback
a change in the conditions of the body is detected and process starts to return the conditions back to normal
86
where is insulin released from
pancreas
87
when is insulin released
when glucose concentration in the blood rises
88
what does insulin do
stimulates liver to change glucose to glycogen, to lower blood glucose level
89
what does glucagon do
glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, to raise blood glucose level
90
when is glucagon released
when glucose level is low
91
differences between nervous and hormonal communication
in nervous, message sent in electrical nerve impulse in hormonal message sent in chemical substance in nervous, there is a rapid response in hormonal, slow response in nervous, gives a short lived response in hormonal, gives a long term response

human biology (10 decks)

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