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AGRI 21: Animal Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:
Animals must be able to sense and respond to the environment to be able to survive

A

True

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2
Q

the adjustment of an animal’s response to changes in the environment and the complex linking of the various processes in the body that this response involves

A

Co-ordination

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3
Q

Systems involved in co-ordination in animals

bonus: What do you call these systems together?

A

Nervous and Endocrine systems

bonus: Neuroendocrine system

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4
Q

compare and contrast nervous and endocrine systems

A

nervous - operates via electrical impulses along nerve fibers

endocrine - operates via releasing hormones from the glands into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

bonus: give examples

A

controls the rapid activities of the body and the rapid reflex action to avoid danger

bonus: muscular contraction, secretions of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration, gasto-intestinal motility, reflex act

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6
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

bonus: give the division of the nervous system and its major parts

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

bonus:
central nervous system [CNS] - brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system [PNS] - nerves

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7
Q

What is the function of neurons?

bonus: What are neurons essentially?

A

specializes in impulse conduction from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa

bonus: nerve cells

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8
Q

True or False:
the human brain contains 200 billion neurons

A

False, the human brain contains 100 billion neurons

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9
Q

Vocabulary:

an organ, such as a muscle or a gland, that responds to neural stimulation by producing a particular physical response or initiating a specific physiological event

A

effector organs

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10
Q

Vocabulary:

the relay of messages from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa

Clue: function of neurons

A

impulse conduction

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11
Q

Neurons may be classified according to _____________

A

the direction of impulse conduction

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12
Q

Classifications of neurons

bonus: how are they classified?

A

Afferent and Efferent

bonus: according to the direction of impulse conduction

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13
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord

bonus: other term

A

Afferent neuron

bonus: sensory neuron

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14
Q

also known as sensory neuron

A

afferent neuron

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15
Q

transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

bonus: other term

A

efferent neuron

bonus: motor neuron

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16
Q

also known as motor neuron

A

efferent neuron

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17
Q

what are interneurons?

A

conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron and vice versa within the central nervous system

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18
Q

interneurons conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the _____________

bonus: What is your answer composed of?

A

central nervous system [CNS]

bonus: brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

differentiate the classification of neurons

A

Afferent [sensory] - transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord

Efferent [motor] - transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

Interneurons - conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the central nervous system [brain and spinal cord]

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20
Q

True or False:
Afferent neurons transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

A

False,

afferent - from effector organ; to brain or spinal cord
efferent - from brain or spinal cord; to effector organs

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21
Q

All neurons consists what? (include how many)

A
  1. a soma/cell body
  2. one axon
  3. at least one dendrite
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22
Q

_______ and ________ are nerve fibers

bonus: definition of nerve fibers

A

axon and dendrites

bonus: threadlike extensions from the cell body

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23
Q

the distal end of dendrites of afferent neurons

bonus: function of your answer

A

receptors

bonus: receptors receive the stimuli that intiate the conduction of impulses to the soma of the neuron

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24
Q

recieves the stimuli that initiate the conduction of impulses to the cell body of the neuron

bonus: technical term for cell body

A

receptors

bonus: soma

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25
Q

single protrusion that extends out from the soma

bonus: where does this end?

A

axon

bonus: on a synapse or on any effector organ

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26
Q

the gap between neurons

bonus: function of your answer

A

synapse

bonus: the synapse is where nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another

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27
Q

Modified True or False:

The synapse is about 100-300 Angstrom units

A

False, the synapse is about 200-500 Angstrom units

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28
Q

the synapses are located between the axon terminals of one neuron [ ___________ ] and the soma or dendrites of another neuron [ ____________ ]

A

presynaptic or preganglionic cell;

postsynaptic or postganglionic cell

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29
Q

enumerate the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse

bonus: what could the chemical mediator most probably be?

A
  1. the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
  2. neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransmiter brings about a generation of signal or initiation of impulse in the postsynaptic neuron

bonus: the chemical mediator is the neurotransmitter and most likely acetylcholine

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30
Q

the divisions of the nervous system

bonus: what are their major parts?

A

central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS]

bonus: CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS - nerves

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31
Q

the command center of the body

A

central nervous system

32
Q

function of the CNS

bonus: meaning of CNS

A

interprets incoming sensory information and then sends out instructions on how the body should react

bonus: central nervous system

33
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to areas in the rest of the body

what are the types of nerves?

bonus: subdivisions of PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

bonus: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

34
Q

________ carry impulses to and from the brain while ________ carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

cranial nerves; spinal nerves

35
Q

differentiate the functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

A

somatic
- brings about quick adjustments to the muscles to changes in the environment; reflex act
- controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles

autonomic
- controls activities in the body that are automatic

36
Q

autonomic nervous system - ________ motors; involuntary
_________ - somatic motors; voluntary

A

visceral;
somatic nervous system

37
Q

Modified True or False:

the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve afferent nerve impulses from the somatic nervous system

A

False,

the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve efferent nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system

38
Q

Given the situation that you burn your finger, arrange the transmission of nerve impulses

a. impulses are sent by way of efferent fibers towards the muscles of the hand

b. receptors in the skin transform the stimulus into nerve impulses

c. nerve impulses cause the finger to be removed from the source of heat

d. impulses are carried by afferent nerve fibers to the spinal cord, to higher nerve centers, and eventually to the brain

bonus: Which system is involved in this process?

A

b,d,a,c

bonus: somatic nervous system

39
Q

Modified True or False:

In the somatic nervous system, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the somatic fibers

A

False,

In the autonomic nervous system, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the autonomic fibers

40
Q

Vocabulary:

refers to the axon endings whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by an axon (answer with the term used in the manual)

bonus: give a synonym

A

terminal neurons

bonus: terminal buttons, axon terminal, nerve terminal

41
Q

Can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided? If yes, then give the subdivisions

A

yes, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

42
Q

Modified True or False:

The parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system work opposite each other

A

True

43
Q

controls involuntary activities that keep the body running smoothly under normal everyday conditions

A

parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q

regulates involuntary activities that help the body respond to stressful situations

A

sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

________ stimulation - fights and flight
________ stimulation - rest and digest

A

sympathetic;
parasympathetic

46
Q

give the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the eyes

A

sympathetic - dilation of pupil
parasympathetic - constriction of pupil

47
Q

given the sympathetic stimulation of vasoconstriction and parasympathetic stimulation of vasodilation, what effector organ is being affected?

bonus:
the definition of vasoconstriction is [constriction of blood vessels] and vasodilation is [dilation of blood vessels]

then what does it mean in terms of your answer?

A

salivary glands

bonus:
vasoconstriction - decrease in flow of saliva
vasodilation - salivary fluid secretion

48
Q

Given the stimulation for the organ lungs:

a. contracts muscles of bronchioles
b. relaxes muscles of bronchioles

Which is sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?

A

sympathetic - relaxes muscles of bronchioles

parasympathetic - contracts muscles of bronchioles

49
Q

if the cardiovscular organs are under parasympathetic stimulation, the heart is inhibited and there is a dilation of certain blood vessels

how about under sympathetic stimulation?

A

accelerates heart and constricts arterioles

50
Q

Under ______ stimulation, the effect on the adrenal medulla is excitation

A

sympathetic

*there is no effect on adrenal medulla under parasympathetic stimulation

51
Q

Given:

parasympathetic stimulation - excites motility, relaxes sphincters

sympathetic stimulation - inhibits motility, constricts sphincters

What is the effector organ under observation?

A

gastrointestinal tract

52
Q

Vocabulary:

capable of motion

A

motile [motility]

53
Q

Modified True or False:

Under parasympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis

bonus: What is glycogenolysis?

A

False,

under sympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis

bonus: the process by which glycogen is converted to glucose

54
Q

Modified True or False:
The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted

Bonus: what is a capsule?

A

False,

Possible answers:

The effect of sympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted

The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule relaxes

bonus: the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary

55
Q

Vocabulary:

the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary

A

capsule

56
Q

The effect of sympathetic stimulation in this organ is sweat secretion and erection of hairs and for parasympathetic stimulation, there is no effect

A

skin

57
Q

Given for the effector organ spleen bladder:
a. relaxes
b. contracts

which is under sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic stimulation?

A

sympathetic - relaxes
parasympathetic - contracts

58
Q

transducers that convert various forms of energy in the environment [stimuli] into action potential [nerve impulse] in neurons

A

sensory receptors [receptors]

59
Q

(sensory) receptors are often assciated with non-neural cells that surrounds it, forming a __________

A

sense organ

60
Q

give the forms of energy converted by the receptors and differentiate them from each other

A
  1. mechanical - touch pressure
  2. thermal - degrees of warmth
  3. electromagnetic - light
  4. chemical energy - odor, taste, and O2 content of blood
61
Q

Modified True or False:

receptors in each sense organs can only respond to one particular energy

bonus: What do you call this “particular energy”?

A

True

bonus: adequate stimulus

62
Q

the particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive or able to evoke an action potential

bonus: what is action potential exactly?

A

adequate stimulus

bonus: nerve impulse

63
Q

consists of various sense organs of the body

A

sensory modalities

64
Q

enumerate the different sensory modalities

A
  • smell
  • vision
  • hearing
  • rotational and linear acceleration
  • taste
  • cutaneous senses (monitors touch-pressure, cold, and pain)
  • other senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)
65
Q

principal sensory modalities

A

senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)

66
Q

network of specialized cells that communicate information about animals and their surroundings

A

nervous system

67
Q

What is glia?

A

specialized cells that aid in the function of the neurons

68
Q

The two parts of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake

A

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH] and lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]

69
Q

also known as the satiety center

A

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH]

70
Q

also known as the feeding center

A

lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]

71
Q

what will happen if the VMH is damaged?

bonus: What does VMH stand for?

A

voracious eating; the animal will eat and eat even if their stomach is already full until they die

bonus: ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

72
Q

What will happen if the LHA is damaged?

bonus: definition of LHA

A

(loss of appetite) the animal will not eat until they die of starvation

bonus: lateral hypothalamus area

73
Q

also known as the thermoregulatory center

A

preoptic area

74
Q

involvement of nerve cells that release chemical messenger, especially neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream

A

neuroendocrine system

75
Q

The golden circle means that the smallest circle that pertains to the innermost central part of the brain answers the question _______, the next circle that is between the smallest and largest circle answers the question _______, and the largest and outermost layer of the brain answers the question ________

bonus: what is the relevance of the golden circle for Prof Vega?

A

why
how
what

bonus: to be an effective teacher, your teaching should not just be surface level (what), instead it should penetrate the core of the brain, hence the student being able to understand the how and eventually the why

AGRI 21: Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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