The Nervous System Flashcards by Alaine Carly

True or False:
Animals must be able to sense and respond to the environment to be able to survive

True

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the adjustment of an animal’s response to changes in the environment and the complex linking of the various processes in the body that this response involves

Co-ordination

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Systems involved in co-ordination in animals

bonus: What do you call these systems together?

Nervous and Endocrine systems

bonus: Neuroendocrine system

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compare and contrast nervous and endocrine systems

nervous - operates via electrical impulses along nerve fibers

endocrine - operates via releasing hormones from the glands into the bloodstream

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What is the function of the nervous system?

bonus: give examples

controls the rapid activities of the body and the rapid reflex action to avoid danger

bonus: muscular contraction, secretions of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration, gasto-intestinal motility, reflex act

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What is the nervous system composed of?

bonus: give the division of the nervous system and its major parts

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

bonus:
central nervous system [CNS] - brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system [PNS] - nerves

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What is the function of neurons?

bonus: What are neurons essentially?

specializes in impulse conduction from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa

bonus: nerve cells

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True or False:
the human brain contains 200 billion neurons

False, the human brain contains 100 billion neurons

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Vocabulary:

an organ, such as a muscle or a gland, that responds to neural stimulation by producing a particular physical response or initiating a specific physiological event

effector organs

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Vocabulary:

the relay of messages from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa

Clue: function of neurons

impulse conduction

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Neurons may be classified according to _____________

the direction of impulse conduction

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Classifications of neurons

bonus: how are they classified?

Afferent and Efferent

bonus: according to the direction of impulse conduction

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Transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord

bonus: other term

Afferent neuron

bonus: sensory neuron

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also known as sensory neuron

afferent neuron

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transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

bonus: other term

efferent neuron

bonus: motor neuron

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also known as motor neuron

efferent neuron

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what are interneurons?

conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron and vice versa within the central nervous system

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interneurons conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the _____________

bonus: What is your answer composed of?

central nervous system [CNS]

bonus: brain and spinal cord

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differentiate the classification of neurons

Afferent [sensory] - transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord

Efferent [motor] - transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

Interneurons - conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the central nervous system [brain and spinal cord]

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True or False:
Afferent neurons transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord

False,

afferent - from effector organ; to brain or spinal cord
efferent - from brain or spinal cord; to effector organs

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All neurons consists what? (include how many)

a soma/cell body
one axon
at least one dendrite

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_______ and ________ are nerve fibers

bonus: definition of nerve fibers

axon and dendrites

bonus: threadlike extensions from the cell body

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the distal end of dendrites of afferent neurons

bonus: function of your answer

receptors

bonus: receptors receive the stimuli that intiate the conduction of impulses to the soma of the neuron

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recieves the stimuli that initiate the conduction of impulses to the cell body of the neuron

bonus: technical term for cell body

receptors

bonus: soma

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single protrusion that extends out from the soma bonus: where does this end?

axon bonus: on a synapse or on any effector organ

the gap between neurons bonus: function of your answer

synapse bonus: the synapse is where nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another

**Modified True or False:** The synapse is about 100-300 Angstrom units

False, the synapse is about 200-500 Angstrom units

the synapses are located between the axon terminals of one neuron [ ___________ ] and the soma or dendrites of another neuron [ ____________ ]

presynaptic or preganglionic cell; postsynaptic or postganglionic cell

enumerate the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse bonus: what could the chemical mediator most probably be?

1. the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron 2. neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft 3. neurotransmiter brings about a generation of signal or initiation of impulse in the postsynaptic neuron bonus: the chemical mediator is the neurotransmitter and most likely acetylcholine

the divisions of the nervous system bonus: what are their major parts?

central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS] bonus: CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS - nerves

the command center of the body

central nervous system

function of the CNS bonus: meaning of CNS

interprets incoming sensory information and then sends out instructions on how the body should react bonus: central nervous system

the peripheral nervous system consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to areas in the rest of the body what are the types of nerves? bonus: subdivisions of PNS

cranial and spinal nerves bonus: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

________ carry impulses to and from the brain while ________ carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

cranial nerves; spinal nerves

differentiate the functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

somatic - brings about quick adjustments to the muscles to changes in the environment; **reflex act** - controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles autonomic - controls activities in the body that are automatic

autonomic nervous system - ________ motors; involuntary _________ - somatic motors; voluntary

visceral; somatic nervous system

**Modified True or False:** the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve afferent nerve impulses from the somatic nervous system

False, the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve **efferent** nerve impulses from the **autonomic nervous system**

Given the situation that you burn your finger, arrange the transmission of nerve impulses a. impulses are sent by way of efferent fibers towards the muscles of the hand b. receptors in the skin transform the stimulus into nerve impulses c. nerve impulses cause the finger to be removed from the source of heat d. impulses are carried by afferent nerve fibers to the spinal cord, to higher nerve centers, and eventually to the brain bonus: Which system is involved in this process?

b,d,a,c bonus: somatic nervous system

**Modified True or False:** In the somatic nervous system, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the somatic fibers

False, **In the autonomic nervous system**, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the autonomic fibers

**Vocabulary:** refers to the axon endings whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by an axon (answer with the term used in the manual) bonus: give a synonym

terminal neurons bonus: terminal buttons, axon terminal, nerve terminal

Can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided? If yes, then give the subdivisions

yes, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

**Modified True or False:** The parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system work opposite each other

True

controls involuntary activities that keep the body running smoothly under normal everyday conditions

parasympathetic nervous system

regulates involuntary activities that help the body respond to stressful situations

sympathetic nervous system

________ stimulation - fights and flight ________ stimulation - rest and digest

sympathetic; parasympathetic

give the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the eyes

sympathetic - dilation of pupil parasympathetic - constriction of pupil

given the sympathetic stimulation of vasoconstriction and parasympathetic stimulation of vasodilation, what effector organ is being affected? bonus: the definition of vasoconstriction is [constriction of blood vessels] and vasodilation is [dilation of blood vessels] then what does it mean in terms of your answer?

salivary glands bonus: vasoconstriction - decrease in flow of saliva vasodilation - salivary fluid secretion

Given the stimulation for the organ lungs: a. contracts muscles of bronchioles b. relaxes muscles of bronchioles Which is sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?

sympathetic - relaxes muscles of bronchioles parasympathetic - contracts muscles of bronchioles

if the cardiovscular organs are under parasympathetic stimulation, the heart is inhibited and there is a dilation of certain blood vessels how about under sympathetic stimulation?

accelerates heart and constricts arterioles

Under ______ stimulation, the effect on the adrenal medulla is excitation

sympathetic *there is no effect on adrenal medulla under parasympathetic stimulation

Given: parasympathetic stimulation - excites motility, relaxes sphincters sympathetic stimulation - inhibits motility, constricts sphincters What is the effector organ under observation?

gastrointestinal tract

**Vocabulary:** capable of motion

motile [motility]

**Modified True or False:** Under parasympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis bonus: What is glycogenolysis?

False, under sympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis bonus: the process by which glycogen is converted to glucose

**Modified True or False:** The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted Bonus: what is a capsule?

False, Possible answers: The effect of sympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule relaxes bonus: the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary

**Vocabulary:** the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary

capsule

The effect of sympathetic stimulation in this organ is sweat secretion and erection of hairs and for parasympathetic stimulation, there is no effect

skin

Given for the effector organ spleen bladder: a. relaxes b. contracts which is under sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic stimulation?

sympathetic - relaxes parasympathetic - contracts

transducers that convert various forms of energy in the environment [stimuli] into action potential [nerve impulse] in neurons

sensory receptors [receptors]

(sensory) receptors are often assciated with non-neural cells that surrounds it, forming a __________

sense organ

give the forms of energy converted by the receptors and differentiate them from each other

1. mechanical - touch pressure 2. thermal - degrees of warmth 3. electromagnetic - light 4. chemical energy - odor, taste, and O2 content of blood

**Modified True or False:** receptors in each sense organs can only respond to one particular energy bonus: What do you call this "particular energy"?

True bonus: adequate stimulus

the particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive or able to evoke an action potential bonus: what is action potential exactly?

adequate stimulus bonus: nerve impulse

consists of various sense organs of the body

sensory modalities

enumerate the different sensory modalities

- smell - vision - hearing - rotational and linear acceleration - taste - cutaneous senses (monitors touch-pressure, cold, and pain) - other senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)

principal sensory modalities

senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)

network of specialized cells that communicate information about animals and their surroundings

nervous system

What is glia?

specialized cells that aid in the function of the neurons

The two parts of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH] and lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]

also known as the satiety center

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH]

also known as the feeding center

lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]

what will happen if the VMH is damaged? bonus: What does VMH stand for?

voracious eating; the animal will eat and eat even if their stomach is already full until they die bonus: ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

What will happen if the LHA is damaged? bonus: definition of LHA

(loss of appetite) the animal will not eat until they die of starvation bonus: lateral hypothalamus area

also known as the thermoregulatory center

preoptic area

involvement of nerve cells that release chemical messenger, especially neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream

neuroendocrine system

The golden circle means that the smallest circle that pertains to the innermost central part of the brain answers the question _______, the next circle that is between the smallest and largest circle answers the question _______, and the largest and outermost layer of the brain answers the question ________ bonus: what is the relevance of the golden circle for Prof Vega?

why how what bonus: to be an effective teacher, your teaching should not just be surface level (what), instead it should penetrate the core of the brain, hence the student being able to understand the how and eventually the why

The Nervous System Flashcards

(75 cards)