the nervous system

Question 1

what is the nervous system and what are the two main parts

Answer 1

system where electrical and chemical communication occurs throughout the body

the two main parts are central and peripheral nervous system

Question 2

central nervous system

Answer 2

brain and central cord

Question 3

peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

afferent nerves: sensory neurons
-messages from the periphery to the spinal cord

efferent nerves: motor neurons
-messages from spinal cord to muscles/glands

Question 4

function of the neurons and Schwann cells

Answer 4

*Responsible for communication (Action
potential / neurotransmission)
*Many have a lipid sheath called myelin
*Myelin sheath is the protective layer that
wraps around the axons of neurons to aid in
insulating the neurons

• Oligodendrocytes (CNS)/Schwann cells
  (PNS)
  o Produce myelin
  o Facilitate transmission

Question 5

astrocytes and microglia

Answer 5

.astrocytes
o Enable homeostasis
o Physical barrier/connector
o Reuptake of neurotransmitters
o Support neurons

• Microglia
  o Immune cells of the brain
  o Phagocytose dead cells and debris

Question 6

function of soma

Answer 6

control centre

Question 7

dendrite

Answer 7

short branched extension of a nerve cell, where impulses received from other cells at the synapsis and transmitted to the cell body

Question 8

axons

Answer 8

originate at axonal hillock

allows materials to be transported from cell body to axon terminal (and back)

where axon terminal meets target cell termed synapse

Question 9

what are the functional types of neurons

Answer 9

peripheral nervous system
1) afferent or sensory neurons (sense)
signals from periphery to CNS

2) efferent neurons
motor neurons (respond): signals from CNS to the muscle/skin etc

central nervous system
3) interneurons (integrate) connecting brain and spinal cord

Question 10

what is a nerve

Answer 10

a bundle of fibers that conduct impulses between the brain or spinal cord and another part of the body. nerves include fragments of neurons (axons) and non neuronal cells

Question 11

membrane potential and nerve impluses

Answer 11

difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron

nerve impulses are changes in membrane potential that travels down nerves
-cell membrane is highly impermeable to ions

Question 12

what direction do action potentials travel

Answer 12

from dendrites to axons

Question 12

function of brainstem

Answer 12

involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, sleep/arousal
midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 13

function of cerebellum

Answer 13

coordinates balance and movement

Question 14

diencephalon

Answer 14

between brain stem and cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

Question 15

cerebrum: cortex

Answer 15

2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum
* Surface folded
* Frontal: reasoning, planning, speech, movement, problem solving
* Parietal: movement/orientation recognition, sensory information (pain)
* Occipital: visual processing
* Temporal: perceptions/recognition of auditory stimuli

Question 16

what does the cerebrum: sub-cortical structures include

Answer 16

basal ganglia: motor control

limbic system: amygdala: emotion and memory
hippocampus: learning and memory (under temporal lobe)

pituitary gland: a small gland located located at the base of brain below the hypothalamus- growth hormone, TSH

Question 17

what are the 4 regions of the spinal cord

Answer 17

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

Question 18

spinal cord function

Answer 18

• Connects your brain to your lower back
• Carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa
• Spinal cord is where information comes into the CNS and directions are sent out

Question 19

how do nerves enter the spinal cord

Answer 19

sensory nerves enter via dorsal root
motor nerves leave via ventral control

Question 20

what is the spinal nerve

Answer 20

a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, between the spinal cord and the body

Question 21

function of visceral sensory neurons

Answer 21

• Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the visceral organs
  – Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, well-being
• Receptors widely scattered
• Visceral sensory fibers conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system

Question 22

what is visceral reflex

Answer 22

the reflex arc of the autonomic nervous system which provides glandular or non-skeletal muscular response in internal organs like the heart, blood vessels, organs in the GI tract

Question 23

function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 23

maintains internal environment
mostly involuntary
modulates endocrine function

controls visceral functions
-circulation
-digestion
-excretion

Question 24

autonomic nervous system input

Answer 24

sensory neurons from peripheral organs to centre in hypothalamus, meddula

Question 25

autonomic nervous system output

Answer 25

systematic and parasympathetic nervous neurons

Question 26

what do ANS nerves control

Answer 26

*Smooth muscle -Bronchioles -Iris -Digestive system -Bladder -Vascular system *Secretory glands -Adrenal medulla -Pancreatic islets -Salivary glands -Sweat *Cardiac Muscle -Control heart rate -Control contractile -force

Question 27

features of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

fight or flight short term survival generally increases energy availability/ capacity and usage -increases heart rate -increased lung capacity -increased blood flow to muscles -increased blood glucose

Question 28

features of parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

rest and digest long term survival generally reduces energy availability/capacity and usage -decreases heart rate -decreased lung capacity -increased blood flow to digestive system -increased fat/glycogen stores

Question 29

where is the adrenal gland located and what type of nervous system is it a part of

Answer 29

located on top of the kidneys can cause body-wide release of adrenaline/ epinephrine

Question 30

what are the two Ach receptors

Answer 30

nicotine and muscarinic

Question 31

what occurs during rest and digest

Answer 31

constriction of pupils bronchiolar constriction increased GI mortility + secretion inhibitory effects on heart

Question 32

what occurs during fight or flight

Answer 32

* Pupil dilation * Bronchiolar dilation * Increased heart rate/force * Vasoconstriction in skin * Increased blood glucose * GI tract relaxation * Increase adrenaline secretion from * adrenal medulla

Question 33

what are androreceptors

Answer 33

g protein coupled (metabotropic) respond to adrenaline and nor adrenaline adrenaline: diverse actions depending on target depending on the downstream molecules they activate

Question 34

look at slide 23 on nervous system 2

Answer 34

okay