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Origins of Animal Organ Systems > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How do protists and bacteria respond to stimuli?

A

With receptor proteins in the membrane

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2
Q

How do amoeba tackle bacteria?

A

The bacteria’s waste molecules bind to the amoeba’s chemoreceptors and the amoeba chases the bacteria so it can then capture it.

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3
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain/neuron to adjust in response to new situations or environments.

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4
Q

Where is short term memory accessed?

A

The hippocampus

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5
Q

How does the hippocampus aid memory?

A

By transferring short term memory to long term memory.

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6
Q

Where are long term memories stored?

A

The cerebral cortex

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7
Q

In what organisms are the simplest nervous systems found?

A

Cnidarians

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8
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

Interconnected nerve cells

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9
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles consisting of axons of multiple nerve cells.

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10
Q

What is the structure of a sea stars nervous system?

A

A nerve net found in each arm connected by radial nerves to the central nerve ring.

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11
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Clustering of sensory organs at the front of the body.

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12
Q

In what kinds of organisms is cephalization found?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical organisms

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13
Q

What is ganglia?

A

Segmentally arranged clusters of neurons.

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14
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

It transmits information to and from the central nervous system and regulates movement and the internal environment.

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15
Q

What is the function of afferent neurons?

A

To transmit information to the central nervous system.

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16
Q

What is the function of efferent neurons?

A

To transmit information away from the central nervous system.

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17
Q

What are the two efferent components?

A

The motor system and the autonomic system

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18
Q

What is the function of the motor system?

A

To carry signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary.

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19
Q

What is the function of the autonomic system?

A

To regulate smooth and cardiac muscle and is involuntary.

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20
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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21
Q

What is the function of the enteric division?

A

To control activity of the digestive tract, pancreas and gallbladder.

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22
Q

Where is the cell body of the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron found?

A

In the central nervous system.

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23
Q

Where is the postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic system found?

A

Near the target organ.

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24
Q

What does the postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic system release?

A

Acetylcholine.

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25
Q

What is the difference between the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron is shorter.

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26
Q

What does the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic neuron release?

A

Catecholamines.

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27
Q

When does the vertebrate brain develop?

A

During embryonic development.

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28
Q

What fills the spinal cord canal and brain ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

To cushion the brain and spinal cord, provide nutrients and removes waste.

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30
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons.

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31
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Bundles of unmyelinated axons.

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32
Q

What is a ladder system?

A

Paired longitudinal nerve cords.

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33
Q

How was the ventral nerve cord formed?

A

The two cords of the ladder system fused together.

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34
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

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35
Q

What kind of nerve cords do invertebrates have?

A

Ventral nerve cord.

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36
Q

What kind of nerve cords do vertebrates have?

A

Dorsal nerve cords.

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37
Q

What does the nerve cord give rise to?

A

The central canal and brain ventricles.

38
Q

What is the function of glia?

A

To nourish support and regulate neurons.

39
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

To induce capillary lining cells in the central nervous system to form tight junctions.

40
Q

What does the function of astrocytes result in?

A

The blood - brain barrier

41
Q

What are the two subgroups of glia?

A

Macroglia and microglia

42
Q

What are examples of macroglia?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells - involved in myelination

43
Q

What are the phases of brain development?

A
  • Neural plate induction
  • Neural proliferation
  • Migration and aggregation
  • Axon growth and synapse formation
  • Cell death and synapse rearrangement
44
Q

When does induction of the neural plate occur?

A

2-3 weeks after conception.

45
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

A patch of tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo that becomes the nervous system.

46
Q

What induces neural plate development?

A

Chemicals such as growth factors.

47
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Chemicals produced in the developing and mature brain that stimulate neuron development and help neurons respond to injury.

48
Q

What is the function of radial glia?

A

To act as guidewires for the migration of neurons.

49
Q

What establishes the cerebral cortex?

A

Sequential migration and aggregation of neurons.

50
Q

What is migration and aggregation?

A

Movement of undifferentiated neurons.

51
Q

What happens after migration and aggregation?

A

Axons and dendrites begin to grow to mature shape and size.

52
Q

What is the function of growth cones?

A

To respond to signals.

53
Q

What do axons and dendrites form?

A

Synapses with other neurons or tissues.

54
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Formation of new synapses

55
Q

What cells release signals that induce synaptogenesis?

A

Glial cells.

56
Q

What is required for synaptogenesis?

A

Chemical signal exchange between pre and postsynaptic neurons is needed.

57
Q

What percentage of neurons die after migration?

A

40-75%

58
Q

Why causes neuron death after migration?

A

Failure to compete for chemicals called neurotrophins.

59
Q

What are the roles of neurotrophins?

A

Promote neuron growth and survival, guide axons and stimulate synaptogenesis.

60
Q

What are the steps of synaptic rearrangement?

A
  • Release and uptake of neurotrophic factors
  • Neurons receiving insufficient neurotrophic factor die
  • Axonal processes compete for limited neurotropic factor
61
Q

What is the postnatal growth consequence of synaptogenesis?

A

Increased dendritic branches and myelination.

62
Q

What may underlie the greater plasticity of the young brain?

A

Overproduction of synapses.

63
Q

What does early visual deprivation lead to?

A

Fewer synapses and dendritic spines in the visual cortex and deficits in depth and pattern vision.

64
Q

What does an early enriched visual environment lead to?

A

Thicker cortices, greater dendritic development and more synapses per neuron.

65
Q

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

A

Language, math, logic and processing of serial sequences.

66
Q

What is the right hemisphere responsible for?

A

Pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking and emotional processing

67
Q

What is lateralization?

A

Differences in hemisphere function.

68
Q

How do the two hemispheres communicate?

A

Through fibres of the corpus callosum.

69
Q

What are the areas of the cerebrum?

A

The frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe and the insular cortex.

70
Q

What are the areas of the frontal lobe?

A

The prefrontal cortex, the motor cortex and Broca’s area.

71
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Decision making and planning.

72
Q

What is the motor cortex responsible for?

A

Control of skeletal muscles.

73
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Forming speech.

74
Q

What are the areas of the temporal lobe?

A

The auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area.

75
Q

What is the auditory complex responsible for?

A

Hearing

76
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Comprehending language

77
Q

What are the areas of the Occipital lobe?

A

The visual cortex and the visual association cortex.

78
Q

What are the areas of the parietal lobe?

A

The sensory association cortex and the somatosensory cortex.

79
Q

What is the function of the sensory association cortex?

A

Integration of sensory information.

80
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

The sense of touch

81
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Voluntary movement and cognitive function.

82
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Awareness, language, cognition, memory and consciousness.

83
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for emotions?

A

The limbic system

84
Q

What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

The amygdala, hippocampus and the thalamus.

85
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

To store emotions in memory

86
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Motivation, olfaction, behaviour, memory and emotions.

87
Q

What are examples of nervous system disorders?

A

Schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

88
Q

What can contribute to nervous system disorders?

A

Genetic and environmental factors.

89
Q

What makes addictive drugs addictive?

A

They enhance the activity of the dopamine pathway which causes cravings.

90
Q

What is the physiological effect of opium and heroin?

A

They decrease inhibitory neuron activity.

91
Q

What is the physiological effect of cocaine and amphetamines?

A

They block the removal of dopamine from the synaptic cleft.

92
Q

What is the physiological effect of nicotine?

A

It stimulates dopamine releasing VTA neuron.

Origins of Animal Organ Systems (6 decks)

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