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CELL BIO EXAM 3 > The Nervous System: The Information Super Highway > Flashcards

The Nervous System: The Information Super Highway Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Monitors conditions and takes corrective action, when necessary to keep everything running smoothly

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2
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up the?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) which controls the total nervous system

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3
Q

Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord is part if the ?

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

The input side of the nervous system is the ?

A

Sensory system

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5
Q

The output side of the nervous system is the?

A

Motor system

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6
Q

The somatic nervous system controls?

A

Skeletal muscle and mostly voluntary movements

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7
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls ?

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle along with several glands

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8
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts ?

A

The parasympathetic system and sympathetic system

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9
Q

The parasympathetic system deals with?

A

Normal body functions

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10
Q

The sympathetic nervous system controls ?

A

The “fight or flight” response system

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11
Q

Specialized cells in the nervous system is called?

A

Neuroglia or glia cells that perform specialized functions

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12
Q

In the CNS there are four types of glia cells?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependylmal
Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

This type of glial cell has a metabolic and structural support cells

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

This type of glial cell removes debris is called?

A

Microglia

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15
Q

This type of glial cells cover and line cavities of the nervous system called?

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

This type of glial cell make a lipid insulation called myelin that allows neurons to communicate quickly is called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

The PNS has two types of glial cells called?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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18
Q

This type of glial cell make myelin for the PNS (analogous to Oligodendrocytes)

A

Schwann cells

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19
Q

This type of glial cell in the PNS supports cells (analogous to Astrocytes)

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

All of the control functions of the nervous system must be carries by a group of cells called?

A

Neurons

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21
Q

This cell have many branches and even a tail called?

A

Neurons

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22
Q

The function of the neurons body is?

A

Cell metabolism

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23
Q

The function of the neurons dendrites is to?

A

Receive information from the environment or another cell

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24
Q

The function of the neurons axons is to?

A

Generate and send signals to other cells

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25
The function of the neurons axon terminal (end of axon) is?
Where the signal leaves the cell
26
The function of the neurons synapse is?
Where the axon terminal and receiving cell meets
27
Neurons which carry information between neurons are called?
Interneurons
28
A resting cell is when a cell is ?
Not stimulated or excited
29
Action potential is the cell___?
Moving through depolarization and re-polarization
30
The cell cannot accept another stimulus until it returns to its resting state, and this time period when it cannot accept another stimulus is called ?
Refractory period
31
Neurons can use their ability to generate ___?
Electricity to send, receive, and interpret signals
32
In local potentials, the size of the stimulus determines the?
Excitement of the cell
33
Many sensory cells work via local potentials, which is how your?
CNS determines the size of the environmental change
34
The dendrites carry depolarization to the sensory neuron cell body which takes the information and ____?
Generates an action potential if the stimulus is big enough
35
The speed of i mouse conduction is determined by?
The amount of myelin and the diameter of the axon
36
_____is a lipid insulation or sheath formed by the Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS?
Myelin
37
Myelinated nerves look__?
White
38
Unmyelinated nerves look?
Gray
39
Myelin is essential for ?
Speedy flow of APs down the axon
40
in an unmyelinated axon, the AP can___?
Only flow down the axon by depolarization in a relatively slow process
41
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the ?
Myelin in the CNS where many areas of myelin are destroyed
42
What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Disturbance in balance, vision, vision, speech, or movement is possible
43
MS occurs more in?
Women and in patients who are usually under 50 years old
44
The wider the diameter of the axon___?
The faster the flow of ions
45
____ is used to send the signal from the neuron across the synapse to the next cell in line ?
Neurotransmitter
46
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent?
The clean up of the neurotransmitter serotonin from synapses, thus increasing the effects of serotonin on the receiving cell
47
What are examples of antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs that are SSRIs ?
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
48
The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse creating a specialized synapse between?
Somatic (voluntary) motor neurons and the skeletal muscles they innervate
49
Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme ?
Responsible for cleaning up the synapse
50
The meninges are a ?
Protective covering of both the brain and spinal cord
51
The meninges help to set up layers that?
Act as cushioning and shock absorbers
52
The outer layer of the meninges is a thick fibrous tissue called?
Dura mater
53
The middle layer of the meninges is a wispy, delicate layer, resembling a spider web, acting as a shock absorber is called?
Arachnoid mater
54
The innermost layer of the meninges, fused to the neural tissue, containing blood vessels that serve the brain and spinal cord is called?
Pia mater
55
The space between the dura mater and the vertebral column is a space filled with ?
Fate and blood vessels called the epidural space
56
The spinal cord is divided in half by?
Anterior median fissure (deep groove) and a posterior median sulcus (shallow groove)
57
The interior of the spinal cord is then divided into a series of sections of?
White matter columns and gray matter horns
58
What are the three types of horns of the spinal cord?
The dorsal (posterior) horn The ventral (anterior) horn The lateral horn
59
The dorsal (posterior) horn is involved in?
Sensory functions
60
The ventral (anterior) horn is involved in ?
Motor function
61
The lateral horn is involved in?
Dealing with autonomic functions
62
The dorsal, lateral, and ventral white columns of the spinal cord acts as?
Never tracts, pathways, or axons, running up and down the spinal cord to and from the brain.
63
Ascending pathways carry information from your?
Sense of tough to the spinal cord and then to your brain from all parts of the skin, joints, and tendons
64
Descending pathways carry motor information from the?
Brain to the spinal cord. The axons synapse on motor neurons in the ventral horn which then transmit info to muscle
65
The commissaries, gray and white, connect?
Left and right halves of the cord so the two sides of the CNS can communicate.
66
The central canal is a cavity in the center of?
The spinal cord filled with CSF
67
The dorsal root, with the embedded dorsal root ganglion, a collection of ?
Sensory neurons, carries sensory information while the ventral root is motor
68
Nerves are the connection between the ?
CNS and the world outside the CNS, therefore part of the PNS
69
All nerves consist of ?
Bundles of axons, blood vessels, and connective tissue
70
Nerves run between the CNS and organs or tissues carrying?
Information into and out of the CNS
71
A nerve connected to the spinal cord is called ?
Spinal nerves
72
Spinal nerves carry both?
Sensory and motor information
73
Reflexes are generally ___?
Generally protective, involuntary, and usually gets bigger as the stimulus gets bigger
74
The patellar reflex causes ?
You to kick
75
Your startle reflex which causes?
You to jump at loud sounds
76
Peripheral neuropathy refers to a ?
Number of disorders involving damage to the peripheral nerves
77
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include?
Muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, numbness, tingling, paralysis, pain, abnormal sweating and difficulty controlling BP
78
Cervical injury may result in quadriplegia, and if the diaphragm is paralyzed the individual?
Can’t breathe on their own
79
Thoracic spinal cord damage causes paraplegia which?
Patient can’t move their arms
80
Guillain barre syndrome is a ?
Rapid onset paralysis caused by inflammation of peripheral nerves
81
Myasthenia gravis is an ?
Autoimmune disorder
82
In myasthenia gravis some patients experience?
Swallowing, chewing, or talking
83
Botulism is a form of paralysis caused by?
Toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (canned food)
84
Carpal tunnel syndrome is an ?
Inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheathe surrounding the flexor tendon of the palm (typing on a keyboard)

CELL BIO EXAM 3 (4 decks)

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