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16- EQ- Gait abnormalities and neurology > The neurological horse with normal mentation: ataxias > Flashcards

The neurological horse with normal mentation: ataxias Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 causes of spinal ataxia in horses that have normal mentation

A

Cervical Vertebral Compressive Myelopathy (CVCM)
Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1)
Vitamin E related ataxias
Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy (EPM)
Cervical trauma: falls, kicks

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2
Q

List the signs of spinal ataxia in horses

A

proprioceptive deficits

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3
Q

List 4 signs of spinal ataxia that affects ascending pathway

A

crossing
abduction
circumduction
knuckling

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4
Q

List 2 signs of spinal ataxia that affects the descending pathway

A

foot dragging
stumbling

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5
Q

List the 3 types of ataxia

A

spinal ataxia
vestibular ataxia
cerebellar ataxia

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6
Q

List 4 signs of vestibular ataxia

A

head tilt
leaning
falling to one side
wide base stance

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7
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia

A

loss of modulatory effect of cerebellum

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8
Q

what is wobblers syndrome

A

CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COMPRESSIVE MYELOPATHY

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9
Q

what is the most common non-infectious neuro disease of horses

A

wobblers syndrome
cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy

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10
Q

what does CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COMPRESSIVE MYELOPATHY cause

A

moderate to severe ataxia
inability to perform
unsafe to ride

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11
Q

when is cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy generally diagnosed

A

early in life <4 yrs but can manifest later in life

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12
Q

what causes cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy

A

is a multi-factorial disease= genetic predisposition + dietary imbalances + rapid growth rates

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13
Q

List the clinical signs of cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy

A

Ataxia, weakness and spasticity
Generally symmetrical deficits, sometimes asymmetric (OA)
Truncal sway, crossing and interferences when turning, hindlimb pivoting

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14
Q

Describe how to diagnose cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (wobblers)

A

Radiographic sagittal ratios: intravertebral
Radiographic Myelography
CT-Myelography And MRI

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15
Q

Describe how to medically treat cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (wobblers) in young horses (<12 months)

A

NSAID +/- steriods (acute phase)
Diet restrictions

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16
Q

Describe how to medically treat cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (wobblers) in adult horses

A

NSAIDs +/- steroids
Mesotherapy and exercises
Intra-articular facet joint injection (OA)

17
Q

Describe how to surgically treat cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy

A

vertebral interbody vertebral fusion

18
Q

List the clinical signs of equine herpes virus

A

previous resp disease- 6-10 days before presentation
symmetric ataxia +/- weakness
Bladder distension/urinary incontinence
Poor annal tone
Recumbency
Inconsistent fever
Chorioretinitis

19
Q

what is chorioretinitis

A

is a type of posterior uveitis

20
Q

Describe how to diagnose equine herpes virus

A

signalment - high risk animal
Nasopharyngeal swab PCR
Whole blood PCR
Serology (Complement fixation test if unvaccinated)
CSF tap

21
Q

what do we tend to tend to see on CSF tap with equine herpes virus 1

A

often unrewarding: xanthochromia and increase protein

22
Q

Describe how to treat equine herpes virus 1

A

Quaranntine animal
Valacyclovir
low-molecular heparin SC
NSAID/ steroids
TIME

23
Q

Describe Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A

diffuse degenerative disease of the equine spinal cords and caudal portion of the brainstem
Is vitamin E related

24
Q

which aged animals does Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy tend to affect

A

primarily affects young horses (<1yo), but can take longer to dx (<5yo)

25
Q

List the clinical signs of Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A

gradual onset of symmetric spasticity, ataxia, and paresis
some horse have decreased menace response, lethargy and behavioural changes
long-term poor performance in adult horses

26
Q

Describe how to prevent Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A

some breed lines might be predisposed (QH?), areas with Low VitE
Supplementation last month pregnancy and nursing period

27
Q

What triggers Equine Motoneuron disease

A

vitamin E deficiency for periods longer than 18 months

28
Q

Describe Equine Motoneuron disease

A

Acquired progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects neurons in brain and spinal cord (LMD)

29
Q

what are the risk factors of Equine Motoneuron disease

A

excess copper and no access to green forage

30
Q

List the clincial signs of equine motoneuron disease

A

generalised weakness
shifting weight between limbs
generalized sweating
Neurogenic muscle atrophy: Type I fibres
Pigmentary retinopathy
Muscle fasciculations of anti-gravitatory muscles

31
Q

Describe how to diagnose equine motoneuron disease

A

low vit E in serum
confirmatory- tail biopsy
On PM

32
Q

Describe how to treat equine motoneuron disease

A

Vitamin E supplementation for 3 months

33
Q

what causes Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy

A

Protozoa - Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi

34
Q

how do horses get affected by Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy

A

ingestion of contaminated feed
occurs most comonly in USA/ south america

35
Q

List the clinical signs of Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy

A

asymmetrical ataxia without CN defects
any possible neuro signs
weakness and muscle atrophy
Poor anal tone, “cauda equina syndrome”

36
Q

Decsribe how to diagnose equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

Challenging
generally done based on CS and in an area with opossums

37
Q

Describe how to treat equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine - 90 days
Diclazuril/ponazuril - 60 days
NSAIDs/Steroids acute severe stages
Long term Vitamin E supplementation?

16- EQ- Gait abnormalities and neurology (20 decks)

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