The Normans Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
What architectural style was Durham Castle built in?
A
Romanesque
Romanesque architecture is characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, and solid construction.
2
Q
Who began constructing Durham Castle?
A
William
William the Conqueror initiated the construction to establish control.
3
Q
Why were castles built on man-made hills?
A
To have the high-ground
This strategic position provided military advantages.
4
Q
What was one purpose of building Durham Castle?
A
To intimidate the population
It helped to control the surrounding countryside.
5
Q
In what year was Durham Castle built?
A
1072
It was constructed for the new bishop prince.
6
Q
What were the four main reasons for building Durham Cathedral?
A
Military, Economic, Religious, Political
Each aspect contributed to its significance in the region.
7
Q
What military purpose did Durham Cathedral serve?
A
Border safety from Scotland and Denmark
It was part of the Norman strategy to secure the North.
8
Q
What economic function did Durham Cathedral provide?
A
Taxes called tithes
These were collected to support the church and its activities.
9
Q
What was a religious significance of Durham Cathedral?
A
Pilgrimage for Saint Cuthbert
The cathedral held the body of this holy man.
10
Q
How did Durham Cathedral show Norman political power?
A
It showed Norman control after they conquered England
The cathedral was a symbol of the new regime.
11
Q
What strategic location was chosen for Durham Cathedral?
A
By the river Wier on a man-made hill
This elevated position provided both defense and visibility.
12
Q
What architectural influence inspired Durham Cathedral?
A
St Peter’s Basilica in Rome
This influence is seen in its design and layout.
13
Q
What role did the Bishop of Durham serve beyond religion?
A
Acted like a ruler and soldier
This dual role emphasized the power of the church in governance.
14
Q
What is a key feature of Romanesque architecture?
A
Thick walls and rounded arches
These features contribute to its fortress-like appearance.
15
Q
When did Romanesque architecture develop?
A
10th to 12th centuries
It preceded the Gothic architectural style.
16
Q
What kind of layout does Durham Cathedral share with early Christian basilicas?
A
Latin cross layout
This design was typical for significant religious buildings.
17
Q
What notable decoration is found inside Durham Cathedral?
A
A painting of St. Peter being crucified upside down
This reflects historical events surrounding Emperor Nero.
18
Q
What was the hierarchical structure of Anglo-Saxon society?
A
King, Earls, Thegns, Ceorls, Villeins, Thralls
The King was at the top, followed by Earls, Thegns, Ceorls, Villeins, and Thralls.
19
Q
Who were the Ceorls in Anglo-Saxon society?
A
Free peasants who paid rent to thegns for farmland
Most people were classified as ceorls.
20
Q
What were the rights of Villeins in Anglo-Saxon society?
A
Bound to the land with few rights
Villeins had limited rights compared to ceorls.
21
Q
What was the status of Thralls?
A
Enslaved with no rights
Thralls were the lowest in the social hierarchy.
22
Q
Who advised the King in Anglo-Saxon England?
A
The Witan
The Witan was a council of powerful earls and bishops.
23
Q
What role did Thegns play in governance?
A
Handled governance, collected taxes, and served in the army
Thegns were responsible for local administration.
24
Q
What was the role of professional housecarls in England’s defense?
A
Professional soldiers for military service
In emergencies, villeins and thralls could also be conscripted.
25
What influence did the Catholic Church have on Anglo-Saxon society?
Influenced laws on marriage and inheritance
## Footnote
The Church played a central role in societal norms.
26
Who was the ultimate authority of the Church?
The Pope
## Footnote
However, the English Church had its own distinct identity.
27
What contributed to England's wealth during the Anglo-Saxon period?
Fertile land, trade in wool, crops, metals, advanced taxation, and coin-minting system
## Footnote
The treasury was located in Winchester.
28
What was the main source of power and wealth in Anglo-Saxon England?
Land
## Footnote
The King, earls, and the Church controlled vast areas of land.
29
How could a King influence the power of Earls?
By granting or revoking land
## Footnote
Land ownership was crucial for maintaining power.
30
What was the general landscape of England during the Anglo-Saxon period?
Mostly forested with cleared areas for farming
## Footnote
Farming was typically done around villages.
31
Who was Edgar Aetheling?
Great nephew to Edward the Confessor
## Footnote
Edgar Aetheling was considered too young, had no money, and lacked soldiers.
32
What was Harald Hardrada's claim to the throne?
Claimed based on a pact between King Harthacnut and King Magnus of Norway
## Footnote
This pact stated that if either died without an heir, the other would inherit.
33
Did Harald Hardrada have support from the English people?
No support from people in England
## Footnote
He had support from Harold's brother Tostig.
34
What strengths did Harald Hardrada possess?
Experienced leader and seasoned warrior
## Footnote
His experience in battle was a significant advantage.
35
What was William's basis for claiming the English throne?
Alleged promise from King Edward the Confessor and support from Harold Godwinson's oath
## Footnote
William helped Edward put down a rebellion in 1051 and claimed Harold swore to support his claim in 1064.
36
Did William have support from the English people?
No
## Footnote
Despite being a capable leader, he lacked popular support in England.
37
What strengths did William have?
Capable leader and great warrior
## Footnote
His military skills were well recognized and contributed to his claim.
38
What was Harold Godwinson's claim to the throne?
Claimed as Edward the Confessor's supposed deathbed choice and as England’s most powerful noble
## Footnote
His position as Earl of Wessex provided him significant influence.
39
What support did Harold Godwinson receive?
Support from the Witan (Royal Counsel)
## Footnote
This support solidified his claim to the throne.
40
What was Harold Godwinson's wealth status?
Wealthiest man in Britain
## Footnote
His wealth contributed to his influence and power.
41
What weaknesses did Harold Godwinson have?
Lacked royal blood and had a lot of divided support
## Footnote
These factors made his claim more contentious.
42
Who was crowned King of England on the 6th of January 1066?
Harold Godwinson
## Footnote
Harold Godwinson was a wealthy man and a respected warrior chosen by the Witan.
43
What preparations did Harold Godwinson make in anticipation of invasions?
Built a navy and assembled an army
## Footnote
He relied on housecarls and the fyrd (peasant soldiers) as Anglo-Saxon kings had no standing armies.
44
What was the fate of the fyrd after the summer of 1066?
Sent home for the harvest
## Footnote
This decision was made when no invasion was imminent.
45
Who led the Viking invasion of England in September 1066?
Harald Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson
## Footnote
They landed near York with 8,000 Vikings.
46
What significant battle took place on September 25, 1066?
The Battle of Stamford Bridge
## Footnote
This battle was between Harold Godwinson's army and the Vikings.
47
What was the outcome of the Battle of Stamford Bridge?
Decisive victory for Harold
## Footnote
It proved his skill as a commander and the strength of his troops.
48
What major consequence did the Battle of Stamford Bridge have on Harold Godwinson's army?
Left weakened and unprepared for William’s invasion
## Footnote
They suffered heavy losses and were exhausted from marching over 200 miles.
49
What did the victory at Stamford Bridge signify in terms of the Viking presence in England?
Marked the last major Viking invasion of England
## Footnote
Harald Hardrada and most of his army were killed.
50
What did the Battle of Stamford Bridge demonstrate about Harold II?
His military skill and leadership
## Footnote
It showcased the effectiveness of his elite Housecarls.
51
What situation did Harold II face immediately after the Battle of Stamford Bridge?
Had to rush south to face William
## Footnote
He faced the challenge with a tired and reduced army.
52
What was a turning point in English history marked by the events of 1066?
The Norman Conquest
## Footnote
It transformed English society, language, and governance for centuries.
53
True or False: The Battle of Stamford Bridge ended Norse ambitions for the English throne.
True
## Footnote
The battle concluded the Viking threat to England.
54
Fill in the blank: Harold Godwinson's forces were exhausted after marching over ______ miles.
200
## Footnote
This exhaustion contributed to their unpreparedness for the next battle.
55
What did William of Normandy do while Harold was occupied with the Vikings?
Delayed his invasion
## Footnote
He waited for Harold's forces to be weakened.
56
What did William promise to secure papal support?
Church reforms and proving Harold had broken a sacred oath
## Footnote
This promise was crucial for gaining the Pope's backing, which was significant for legitimizing William's claim to the English throne.
57
What did the Pope grant to William that legitimized his claim?
The papal banner
## Footnote
The papal banner was a powerful symbol that attracted soldiers from across Europe to William's cause.
58
How many soldiers comprised William's army?
Around 8,000
## Footnote
This army included Norman lords, mercenaries, and soldiers motivated by religious beliefs.
59
How many transport ships did William's fleet consist of?
600 transport ships
## Footnote
This fleet was essential for transporting troops and supplies across the English Channel.
60
What did William do to reduce the risks of crossing the Channel?
Moved his forces closer to England
## Footnote
This strategic move aimed to minimize the dangers associated with the maritime journey.
61
What delayed William's invasion?
Bad weather
## Footnote
The bad weather caused significant delays in his planned invasion of England.
62
How did William maintain his army during the delay?
Kept his army well-provisioned and maintained discipline
## Footnote
This was crucial for ensuring the readiness of his forces once the weather allowed for the invasion.
63
Fill in the blank: William's army included mercenaries, ________, and religiously motivated soldiers.
Norman lords
## Footnote
The presence of various types of soldiers was important for the diversity and strength of his army.
64
When was the Battle of Hastings fought?
14th October 1066
65
Who were the main opponents in the Battle of Hastings?
King Harold II of England and Duke William of Normandy
66
What was the outcome of the Battle of Hastings?
The Norman conquest of England
67
What event occurred before the Battle of Hastings on 25th September 1066?
Battle of Stamford Bridge
68
How far did Harold Godwinson have to march his army to face William?
200 miles south
69
What type of army did William gather?
A well-equipped army including cavalry, archers, and infantry
70
Where did William land before the battle?
Pevensey
71
What defensive formation did Harold's army use at the Battle of Hastings?
Shield wall
72
What was the composition of Harold's army?
* Housecarls (professional soldiers)
* Fyrd (local militia)
73
What tactic did William use after failing to break the shield wall?
Norman Feigned Retreat
74
What was a key moment that led to the breaking of the English line?
Some of Harold's men chased after the feigned retreat
75
What role did Norman archers play during the battle?
Fired arrows into the English ranks, weakening their defence
76
How did Harold die during the battle?
Possibly by an arrow to the eye or cut down by Norman knights
77
What were some reasons for William's victory?
* Harold's exhausted army
* Superior Norman tactics
* Feigned retreat
* Luck and timing
* Harold's death
78
True or False: Harold's forces relied mostly on cavalry.
False
79
Fill in the blank: William's forces had to fight ______, making it difficult to break the English line.
uphill
80
What did the bad weather prevent regarding the battle?
An earlier battle when Harold's army was stronger
81
What happened to the English forces after Harold's death?
They fled due to panic and disorganization
82
What event marked William's coronation as King of England?
William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066
## Footnote
This followed his victory at Hastings and securing of the south coast.
83
Who led the Revolt of the Norman Earls in 1075?
Roger de Breteuil, Ralph de Gael, and Waltheof
## Footnote
Roger was the Earl of Hereford, Ralph was the Earl of Norfolk, and Waltheof was the Earl of Northumbria.
84
What was the primary goal of the Revolt of the Norman Earls?
To overthrow William while he was in Normandy
## Footnote
The rebellion ultimately failed due to lack of support.
85
What was the outcome for Waltheof after the Revolt of the Norman Earls?
Waltheof was executed
## Footnote
Roger and Ralph faced exile or imprisonment.
86
What did the Revolt of the Norman Earls demonstrate about William's rule?
It showed William’s strong control over England
## Footnote
It marked the end of serious resistance against Norman rule.
87
What significant event occurred in the North of England in 1069?
The Harrying of the North
## Footnote
This was a response to a rebellion that included Edgar Ætheling, Edwin, and Morcar.
88
Who was Edgar Ætheling?
The last male heir of the Anglo-Saxon royal line
## Footnote
He attempted to rally opposition against William.
89
What actions did William take during the Harrying of the North?
He laid waste to huge areas of land, slaughtered livestock, burned crops, and salted the land
## Footnote
These actions led to loss of income for farmers and starvation of peasants.
90
What was the impact of the Harrying of the North on Yorkshire as recorded in the Domesday Book?
80 percent of Yorkshire was recorded as 'waste'
## Footnote
This indicated it was unpopulated and not used for farming.
91
Fill in the blank: The plot of the Revolt of the Norman Earls aimed to overthrow William while he was in _______.
Normandy
92
True or False: The rebellion led by Edwin and Morcar was successful.
False
## Footnote
The uprisings were crushed, but they set the stage for greater resistance.
93
What happened to the Viking ships during the Harrying of the North?
William paid the Vikings to abandon the English army
## Footnote
This was part of his strategy to scatter the leaders of the English army.
94
Why were Norman castles important to William?
They served as military strongholds, provided strategic control, symbolized power, and oppressed locals.
## Footnote
Castles were crucial for launching attacks, defending troops, and monitoring the Anglo-Saxon population.
95
What role did castles play in military strategy?
They served as bases for launching attacks and defending troops.
## Footnote
Castles were strategically located to establish Norman dominance.
96
How did castles symbolize Norman control?
Their imposing presence on mottes demonstrated Norman authority.
## Footnote
Castles were built to assert control over the local population.
97
What impact did the construction of castles have on the locals?
Anglo-Saxon homes were often destroyed, and forced labor was used.
## Footnote
This reinforced William's authority and demonstrated oppression.
98
What was the psychological impact of the castles on attackers?
They were large intimidating structures that highlighted William's power.
## Footnote
The presence of castles served to deter attacks and rebellions.
99
In which regions were castles particularly important for control?
Northumberland and the Welsh border.
## Footnote
These areas experienced frequent revolts, necessitating surveillance and control.
100
Who were the Marcher lords?
Nobles appointed by William to build castles along the Welsh border.
## Footnote
They were tasked with protecting and securing the border from attacks.
101
What is a Motte and Bailey castle?
A new style of castle introduced by William featuring a keep on a motte and a bailey below.
## Footnote
This design was essential for protection and control.
102
What are the key components of a Motte and Bailey castle?
The keep, motte, bailey, palisade, and ditch.
## Footnote
These elements worked together to enhance defense and security.
103
How was access to the castle restricted?
Access was limited by the gatehouse.
## Footnote
This was crucial for maintaining security against enemy attacks.
104
What defensive feature did the keep provide?
Archers could fire arrows from the keep to stop enemy attacks.
## Footnote
This enhanced the castle's defensive capabilities.
105
What did patronage refer to in Norman England?
The king granting land, titles, or power to individuals to ensure their loyalty and support
## Footnote
This formed the basis of the feudal system.
106
What is subinfeudation?
A process where a baron granted land in exchange for protection and justice
## Footnote
It was a key mechanism within the feudal system.
107
What is scutage?
A tax that allowed knights to avoid fighting and military service while retaining their title
## Footnote
This was a form of payment to the king.
108
How did William the Conqueror use his feudal rights?
To grant Normans land
## Footnote
This was part of consolidating power and loyalty.
109
What did the Feudal System formalize?
The existing Anglo-Saxon landownership hierarchy
## Footnote
It concentrated more power with the King.
110
Who replaced the Anglo-Saxon earls in Norman England?
Around 200 barons and bishops as tenants-in-chief
## Footnote
This prevented any one person from becoming too powerful.
111
What did tenants-in-chief and under-tenants provide in exchange for land?
A set number of days of military service
## Footnote
They swore loyalty to William.
112
What was the role of peasants in the feudal system?
They worked the land for their lords
## Footnote
Slavery wasn’t abolished but gradually disappeared by the end of the 11th century.
113
What are the key responsibilities of the King in the Norman Feudal System?
Military and political leadership, law-making, and tax collection
## Footnote
The King was the supreme ruler.
114
List the responsibilities of tenants-in-chief (Barons & Bishops) in the feudal system.
* Led knights in battle
* Managed and distributed land
* Controlled legal disputes
* Paid income to the king
* Served on the royal council
* Provided food and shelter for the king
* Held religious roles if bishops or abbots
115
What was the military role of knights/under-tenants?
Elite warriors who defended England from various threats and fought in wars against France
## Footnote
They replaced Anglo-Saxon thegns and became local lords.
116
What social contributions did knights/under-tenants make?
Lived in castles, which housed stables and blacksmiths, creating jobs
## Footnote
This contributed to the local economy.
117
What was the primary role of peasants in the feudal system?
To provide manual labor in exchange for land
## Footnote
They ploughed fields, planted, and harvested crops.
118
Fill in the blank: The Feudal System concentrated more power with the _______.
King
119
Who was the undisputed ruler of both England and Normandy at the time of his death?
William
## Footnote
William died in 1087.
120
What major decision did William make regarding the rule of England and Normandy after his death?
He divided the rule between his sons
## Footnote
William's sons were Robert and William Rufus.
121
Who became King of Normandy after William's death?
Robert
## Footnote
Robert was the eldest son of William.
122
Who became King of England after William's death?
William Rufus
## Footnote
William Rufus was the younger son of William.
123
What was Robert's reaction to William Rufus becoming King of England?
He was deeply unhappy
## Footnote
Robert felt both England and Normandy should be his.
124
Who supported Robert in his claim to both England and Normandy?
Six major barons and his uncle Bishop Odo
## Footnote
They agreed with Robert's dissatisfaction.
125
What did William Rufus do upon learning of the plot against him?
He bribed enough of the barons
## Footnote
This action ensured that the plot did not succeed.
126
By what year had William Rufus and Robert Curthose settled their differences?
1091
## Footnote
This indicates a resolution of their conflict.
127
What was the Domesday Survey?
A written survey of England aimed to discover:
* who owned land in England
* if any land had multiple people claiming ownership
* who lived in each area of land
* how much the land was worth
* the function of areas of land
* how much tax landowners needed to pay the king
## Footnote
The Domesday Book is a significant historical document that provides insight into land ownership and resources in medieval England.
128
How were the 34 shires in England organized for the Domesday Survey?
Divided into seven areas known as circuits
## Footnote
Each circuit was crucial for systematic inspection and information gathering.
129
How many commissioners were assigned to each circuit in the Domesday Survey?
4 commissioners
## Footnote
These commissioners played a vital role in gathering detailed information about land and its occupants.
130
Who commissioned the Domesday Book and when?
William commissioned the book in December 1085
## Footnote
This initiative aimed to strengthen his control over England following the Norman Conquest.
131
How long did it take to inspect the 13,400 places for the Domesday Book?
Less than a year
## Footnote
The efficiency of the commissioners was remarkable given the scale of the task.
132
What was one military significance of the Domesday Book?
Allowed William to assess how many knights his tenants-in-chief could provide for military defense
## Footnote
This was particularly important due to the threat of a Viking invasion in 1085.
133
What legal confirmation did the Domesday Book provide?
Confirmed that Normans were the rightful landowners in England
## Footnote
This helped establish legal authority and ownership following the Norman invasion.
134
What financial impact did the Domesday Book have on William?
Increased William’s wealth by identifying who owed taxes
## Footnote
It also revealed landowners who were underpaying tax and helped claim more land for the crown.
135
What was one administrative significance of the Domesday Book?
Strengthened Norman control and shaped government, law, and taxation for years to come
## Footnote
It was one of the most important administrative records of medieval England.
136
Fill in the blank: The Domesday book meant that all changes in power and land ownership caused by the conquest had been formally ______.
recorded and confirmed
## Footnote
This formal documentation was crucial for understanding the new social order.
137
What was a societal limitation for women regarding marriage during the time of the Domesday Book?
Women were not allowed to choose their husbands; only lords made this decision
## Footnote
This reflects the patriarchal structure of society at the time.
138
Who completed the final Domesday Book?
William Rufus
## Footnote
This completion marked the end of a significant administrative project initiated by his father, William the Conqueror.
139
What is Primogeniture?
William changes the inheritance law so only the oldest son inherits everything
## Footnote
This system ensured that wealth and land remained consolidated within the eldest son's lineage.
140
What role did patronage play in land ownership during William's reign?
Patronage could grant people sheriffdom; loyalty to officers was necessary to avoid land confiscation
## Footnote
Lords had to remain loyal to the king to maintain their power and land.
141
What was the main instrument for issuing orders in Anglo-Saxon times?
The writ was the main instrument in Anglo-Saxon times to issue an order
## Footnote
It was a document that facilitated the dissemination of commands across the country.
142
How did William view the effectiveness of writs?
William thought the writs were not effective enough as earls were powerful and sometimes didn’t listen
## Footnote
This led him to seek a more centralized and powerful system.
143
How was England divided under the Anglo-Saxons?
England was split into 134 shires, which were further divided into hundreds
## Footnote
This division facilitated local governance and administration.
144
What were the duties of sheriffs under the Anglo-Saxon system?
Sheriff duties included making annual payments to the king, presiding over shire courts, collecting taxes, and raising armies
## Footnote
Sheriffs acted as Barons' deputies, enforcing the king's authority at the local level.
145
What were the four important courts introduced by William?
The kings court, the shire court, the hundreds court, and the newly created honourial court
## Footnote
These courts were part of William's efforts to simplify and standardize the judicial system.
146
What was one of the key legal changes introduced by the Normans?
The ‘murdrum’ fine was imposed on local Anglo-Saxon communities if a Norman was murdered
## Footnote
This fine discouraged attacks on Normans and reinforced their dominance.
147
What were the Forest Laws?
William restricted commoners from hunting, grazing animals, or cutting trees in royal forests
## Footnote
Violations led to severe penalties, causing resentment among Anglo-Saxons dependent on forest resources.
148
What were the methods of trial by ordeal introduced by the Normans?
The methods included:
* Trial by cold water
* Trial by hot iron
* Trial by battle
## Footnote
These methods reflected the belief that divine intervention would determine guilt or innocence.
149
What did floating in trial by cold water signify?
Floating meant guilt
## Footnote
This method was based on the belief that the accused would be rejected by the holy water if guilty.
150
What did healing wounds after three days in trial by hot iron signify?
Healing wounds meant innocence
## Footnote
This trial method tested the accused's physical endurance and was believed to reflect divine judgment.
151
What was trial by battle?
A method where the accused fought their accuser to prove innocence or guilt
## Footnote
This introduced a physical contest as a means of legal resolution.
152
What percentage of all land in England did the church own?
25%
## Footnote
The church's land ownership contributed significantly to its wealth.
153
What is the tax called that everyone had to pay to the church?
TITHE
## Footnote
The tithe required villagers to give 10% of their produce.
154
What percentage of produce was required for the TITHE?
10%
## Footnote
This included crops, meat, wool, and milk.
155
What were the easter dues paid for?
To the Priests
## Footnote
These dues were a form of tax collected by the church.
156
What is the SURPLICE FEE?
A fee paid during marriage, death, and baptism
## Footnote
This fee was charged for various religious ceremonies.
157
Fill in the blank: Villagers had to give _______ of what they produced as a tax.
10%
## Footnote
This tax was known as the TITHE.
158
True or False: The church grew wealthy from rents and taxes on the land.
True
## Footnote
The church's wealth was derived from taxing those living on its land.
159
What action did William take regarding Anglo-Saxon Church Leaders?
William removed Anglo-Saxon bishops and abbots, replacing them with loyal Norman clergy to strengthen his control.
## Footnote
This was part of his efforts to consolidate power after the Norman Conquest.
160
Who supported William in increasing papal ties?
Pope Alexander II
## Footnote
This support helped bring the English Church closer to European religious practices and reforms.
161
What was a significant change made to the Church structure by William and Archbishop Lanfranc?
They created a more hierarchical and organized Church structure under royal influence.
## Footnote
This restructuring aimed to centralize authority within the Church.
162
What type of courts did William introduce to handle clergy-related cases?
Church courts
## Footnote
This separation later caused tensions with kings as it divided jurisdiction.
163
What right did William maintain over Church appointments?
The right to appoint bishops and abbots
## Footnote
This ensured that the Church remained under royal authority rather than the Pope's.
164
What allowed the Normans to carry out a large-scale building program in England?
England was a wealthy country
## Footnote
The wealth enabled the construction of new religious buildings to demonstrate divine favor for the new regime.
165
Fill in the blank: William replaced Anglo-Saxon bishops and abbots with _______.
loyal Norman clergy
166
True or False: William's restructuring of the Church was intended to reduce royal influence.
False
## Footnote
The restructuring aimed to increase royal influence over the Church.
167
What rule did Lanfranc strictly enforce regarding clergy?
Members of the clergy were not allowed to get married
## Footnote
Those who were already married were allowed to keep their wives.
168
What practices did Lanfranc stamp out in the Anglo-Saxon Church?
Simony and nepotism
## Footnote
These practices were common before Lanfranc's reforms.
169
What councils did Lanfranc introduce to aid his reforms?
Councils of bishops known as synods
## Footnote
These synods were established to help implement his reforms effectively.
170
What significant action was taken at the Council of Winchester in 1076?
Lanfranc established the Church courts
## Footnote
This change meant clergy could no longer be tried in secular courts.
171
Who had the authority to try members of the clergy according to Lanfranc's reforms?
The synods
## Footnote
Lanfranc argued that secular courts had no authority over churchmen.
172
How did the Church courts affect the perception of justice among the population?
The synod’s punishments were seen as less harsh than those of normal courts
## Footnote
This caused great anger amongst the wider population.
173
What was the effect of the Church courts on William's power?
They weakened William's power
## Footnote
Despite this, William supported Lanfranc in making the changes.
174
Fill in the blank: The clergy were banned from marrying or having _______.
sexual relationships
175
What was the primary purpose of the synods introduced by Lanfranc?
To help bring in his reforms effectively
176
Who was William of Saint-Calais?
Bishop of Durham who initially supported Rufus but failed to send troops
## Footnote
He was charged with treason by Rufus for not fulfilling his vassal duties.
177
What was the outcome of Rufus charging Saint-Calais with treason?
Saint-Calais was found guilty and exiled but reinstated in 1091
## Footnote
This established a precedent that bishops were subject to royal authority.
178
What action did Rufus take regarding the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093?
He delayed the appointment to profit from Church lands
## Footnote
This led to tensions with Anselm when he eventually appointed him.
179
What was the relationship between Rufus and Anselm characterized by?
Criticism of Rufus’ morality and Church policies
## Footnote
This criticism worsened their relationship significantly.
180
What happened during the Council of Rockingham in 1095?
Rufus blocked Anselm from traveling to Rome to receive his pallium
## Footnote
This was due to fears of papal influence and led to unresolved disputes.
181
What significant action did Rufus take against Anselm in 1097?
Anselm was exiled and Rufus seized his Church lands
## Footnote
This marked an escalation in their conflict.
182
What is simony?
The selling of Church positions
## Footnote
Rufus reinstated simony, reversing reforms made by William I.
183
Who did Rufus sell the Bishopric of Durham to?
Ranulf Flambard for £1,000
## Footnote
This action angered the Church and highlighted the issue of simony.
184
What did peasants pay to the lords?
Peasants paid in crops to the lords who owned lands.
185
What types of crops did peasants pay?
They paid in crops such as wheat, barley, and oats.
186
Who was responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants?
The bailiff was the person responsible for collecting taxes for the peasants.
187
Who were the burgesses?
Burgesses were people who had the right to buy and sell property but still had to pay taxes to lords.
188
What additional responsibilities did burgesses have in some towns?
In some towns, they also handled legal matters for the shire or hundred (court).
189
What happened to the importance of towns after the invasion?
Most towns grew in importance as religious or administrative centers.
190
Which towns became huge administrative centers?
Towns like London and Norwich became huge administrative centers.
191
What happened to Winchester's significance over time?
Winchester's significance decreased until the cathedral was built, after which it grew in significance again.
192
What was the main change for most peasants after the Norman invasion?
Life remained the same as before, just with a new lord.
193
What type of houses did peasants live in?
Cottages.
194
What agricultural system did peasants use for their crops?
Open field system.
195
How much land did the lord keep from the total?
Up to 35 percent.
196
What were the main crops grown by peasants?
* Wheat
* Barley
* Oats
* Rye
197
What animals were used to pull the metal ploughs?
Oxen.
198
How were houses arranged in the village?
Built along roads and clustered together.
199
What was the purpose of church bells?
To signal the beginning and end of the working day.
200
What time did peasants usually get up to start working?
Half an hour before sunrise.
201
What did peasants typically eat for lunch?
Rye bread.
202
What type of beverage did peasants usually drink?
Weak homemade beer or cider.
203
When were church services held?
On Sundays, feast days, and holy days.
204
What tax did all peasants have to pay to the Church?
10 percent tax (tithe).
205
What additional roles did the local church serve in the community?
* Store
* Prison
* Fortress in times of danger
206
On which days did peasants typically not work?
Sundays and holy days.
207
Fill in the blank: Peasants would engage in leisure activities like _______.
cock fighting.
208
What was the primary source of education in Anglo-Saxon England?
Monks and nuns
## Footnote
Education was rare and mostly provided by religious institutions.
209
Who could afford education in Anglo-Saxon England?
The rich
## Footnote
Education was expensive, limiting access to wealthier individuals.
210
How were boys sometimes educated in Anglo-Saxon England?
In monasteries in exchange for becoming servants
## Footnote
This was a common practice for providing education to boys.
211
Were girls educated in Anglo-Saxon England?
No
## Footnote
Education for girls was not provided.
212
In what language were instructions from the king written during Anglo-Saxon England?
English
## Footnote
The Church, however, used Latin for its writings.
213
What was the primary language of instruction in schools under the Church?
Latin
## Footnote
Students were taught in Latin despite English instructions.
214
What significant change occurred in education under the Normans?
Expansion of education as towns grew
## Footnote
This led to a greater demand for literacy and numeracy.
215
How many schools existed in England by the 13th century?
75 schools
## Footnote
The number of schools increased with the growth of towns.
216
In what language was education conducted during the Norman period?
French
## Footnote
However, all writing remained in Latin.
217
What type of schools did the Normans introduce for boys aged 10 and above?
Grammar schools
## Footnote
These schools focused mainly on Latin education.
218
When did the school year start during the Norman period?
September
## Footnote
The school year was divided into three terms.
219
What was the duration of classes in Norman grammar schools?
From dawn until late afternoon
## Footnote
Classes were lengthy, reflecting a rigorous education system.
220
Were girls taught in Norman grammar schools?
No
## Footnote
Similar to earlier periods, girls were excluded from these schools.
221
What were the first universities established in England by the Normans?
Oxford and Cambridge
## Footnote
These universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries.
222
Who ran the first universities in England?
The Church
## Footnote
Universities were affiliated with religious institutions.
223
What subjects were taught at the first universities in England?
* Arithmetic
* Grammar
* Rhetoric
* Logic
* Geometry
* Music
* Astronomy
* Theology
## Footnote
Theology was considered the most important subject.
224
In what language were all lessons and writing conducted at the first universities?
Latin
## Footnote
This was a continuation of the tradition from earlier educational institutions.
225
Who could attend the first universities in England?
Only noble or Church-affiliated men
## Footnote
Access to higher education was limited to specific social classes.
