The NS Flashcards
1
Q
What happens if a cell is not kept in a regulated state?
A
Death or the cell or whole person.
2
Q
How long do brain cells survive for without oxygen?
A
3 Minutes.
3
Q
How long can the heart cells survive for without oxygen?
A
45 Minutes.
4
Q
What is required to regulate a cell?
A
The right:
Temperature
State of Hydration
Nutrients
They need to be able to:
Eliminate Waste
Exchange Electrolytes
Hydrogen Ions (PH).
5
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
Maintaining the narrow limits needed for cell regulation.
6
Q
What maintains the stability of the environment for cells?
A
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System.
7
Q
What is the Structure of Skin (Organ Cells)?
A
1 - Organ 1a - Tissue - Epithelium 1b - Tissue - Dermis 1c - Tissue - Adipose 1ai - Cell - Squamous 1aii - Cell - Basal 1c - Lipoma
8
Q
What is the Autocrine function?
A
The secretion of Messenger substance into extra-cellular fluid that fits receptor of the same cell to trigger action.
9
Q
What is the Paracrine function?
A
The secretion of Messenger substance into extra-cellular fluid that fits receptor of the same cell to trigger action AND fits receptors of adjacent cells.
10
Q
What is the Endocrine function?
A
The secretion of Messenger substance into extra-cellular fluid into the bloodstream to target cells in other parts of the body.
11
Q
What is an example of Endocrine Cell Communication?
A
Insulin.
12
Q
What is the Exocrine function?
A
The secretion of Messenger substance via a duct to target a specific part of the system.
13
Q
What is an example of an Exocrine Cellular Organ?
A
The Pancreas.
14
Q
How are tissue changes detected?
A
By Afferent Nerve endings precipitating a glandular or motor response.
15
Q
What is the Nervous System made up of?
A
The Central NS (Brain & Spinal Cord) and the Peripheral NS (Somatic, Autonomic, Enteric NS).
16
Q
Another word for the brain?
A
Cerebrum.
17
Q
What are the six main components to the brain?
A
Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Brain Stem Cerebellum
18
Q
What does the Frontal Lobe control?
A
Consciousness.
19
Q
What does the Temporal Lobe control?
A
Speech Recognition.
20
Q
What does the Parietal Lobe control?
A
Movement and Stimulus Perception.
21
Q
What does the Occipital Lobe?
A
Vision.
22
Q
What does the Brain Stem control?
A
Basic, vital functions like breathing.
23
Q
What does the Cerebellum control?
A
Movement Co-ordination.
24
Q
What does the PNS consist of?
A
Autonomic and Somatic NS.
25
What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
Subconscious, control systems.
Sensory nerions of viscera (bowel).
Motor neurons tha tstimulate glands, smooth and cardiac muscles.
26
What does the Somatic Nervous System control?
Voluntary muscle movement.
Sensory neurons of peripheries/sense organs.
Motor neurons to skeletal muscles only (voluntary).
27
What does NS's does the Autonomic NS control.
Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest.
Operates in non-stressful conditions.
Sympathetic - Fight or flight.
Prepares body to react to stress.
Enteric Nervous System - Gastrointestinal.
28
Which NS in Voluntary?
Somatic Nervous System.
29
Which NS is involuntary?
Autonomic Nervous System.
30
What are the four principal parts to the brian?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
31
How much does an average brain weigh?
1300g
32
How many neurons make the brain?
About 100 Billion Neurons.
33
What protects the brain?
The Skull
The Meninges
Cerebro-spinal Fluid
34
What is the Telencephalon?
The Cerebrum which forms the bulk of the brain. Split into the 4 lobes.
35
What is the superficial grey layer called?
The cerebral cortex.
36
What connects the 2 hemisphers?
The Corpus Callosum.
37
What connects the 4 lobes?
By Association Fibres, which are bundles of axons.
38
What is the 'Between Brain' called and made up of?
The Diencephalon and includes the Thalamus and Hypothalumus.
39
What does the Thalamus do?
It's the relay station between the cerebrum and the rest of the NS. It mediates sensations & plays a role in learning and memory.
40
What does the Hypothalamus do?
Helps to regulates homeostasis and main visceral control centre of the brain.
41
What is the Hyposthalamus
Part gland and part nervous tissue.
42
Where does the Diencephalon sit?
From the brain stem to the cerebrum. Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalumus.
43
If someone has a traumatic brain injury and is expering ban, where does this originate from?
The Thalamus.
44
What does the Limbic system do?
Emotions, behaviors and memory.
45
Behaviour change can indicate damage to where?
The Limbic system.
46
The Diencephalon regulates what?
The Autonomic System.
| The Endocrine system, through the Pituitary gland.
47
What are the three sections of the Brainstem?
The Medulla Oblongata
The Pons
The Midbrain
48
What is the Medulla Oblongata?
The conduction pathway between the spinal cord and the brain. It contains vital centres (Cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, reflex centre).
49
What is the Pons?
The bridge between the higher brain and spinal cord and contains areas involved in regulating breathing.
50
What is the Midbrain?
It connects the Pons to the Diencephalon. It is involved in vision, hearing, motor control, alertness and thermoregualtion?
51
What does the brainstem look like?
Midbrain - small on top.
Medulla Oblongata - Long and thinner.
Pons - Lump on the side of the Medulla Oblongata.
52
What is the Little Brain?
The Cerebellum.
53
Where is the Little Brain?
Behind the Brain Stem..
54
What does the Cerebellum do?
2 hemispheres, fine tunes skeletal muscle movements, contributes to muscle ton, balance.
Has a role in some cognitive functions like puzzle solving and word association.
Can control the vision muscles.
55
How many cranial nerve pairs are there?
12 Pairs.
56
Name some examples of what the cranial nerves affect?
Smell, taste, pupil constriction, facial sensation, head turning and should shrugging, tongue movement, balance and hearing.
57
Is the spinal cord attached to the vertebrae?
No it is suspended within the vertebral canal.
58
What protects the spinal cord?
Vertebrae, Meninges & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
59
Which Nervous System does the spinal cord connect the brain to?
It connects the brain to peripheral nerves.
60
What is the size of the spinal cord?
42-45cm long & the diameter of the little finger (1-1.5cm).
61
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 Pairs.
62
What does it look like?
Central grey area surrounded by white matter.
63
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Conveys sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain via the spinal cord to spinal nerves supplying muscles and other effector tissues.
Mediates spinal cord reflexes.
64
The three elements to the spinal reflexes?
Sensory neurones.
Interneurons in spinal cord.
Motor neurons.
65
What are Neurones?
A nerve cell.
66
What is a Neurone?
Basic unit of the nervous system.
Has a cell body with a nucleus.
Has long projections - Axons and Dendrites.
67
What are three characteristics of a nerve cell?
Irritability.
Conductivity
Supported by glial cells / Neuroglia.
68
What are Axons and Dendrites?
Axons are long projections away from the cell body.
| Dendrites are long projections towards the cell body.
69
What are the three types of Neurones?
Sensory
Motor
Inter-neuron
70
What is a Sensory Neuron?
An Afferent nerve cell that collates sensory input and send the information to the brain.
It is Unipolar.
71
What is a Motor Neuron?
An Efferent nerve cell that collates from the CNS to the muscles and internal organs.
It is Multipolar.
72
What is an Inter-neuron?
Is a nerve cell that connect and transmits signals between Sensory and Motor Neurons. They can also communicate with other Inter-neurons.
They are Multipolor so they have one axon and many dendrites.
73
What are Glial cells?
Support Cells.
Glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the
CNS & PNS that do not produce electrical impulses.
They maintain homeostasis, form myelin (the fatty protective substance that forms around axons), and provide support and protection for neurons.
74
What glial cells are there in the CNS?
Astrocytes - Multiple functions.
Oligodendrocyes - Myelin secretion.
Microglial - Immune Resopnse.
Ependymal Cells - Lining of Ventricles.
75
What glial cells are in the PNS?
Schwann Cells - These secrete Myelin in addition to support functions.
76
Describe the electrical charge of a nerve impules?
The inside of a cells in negatively charged / not polarized.
The outside is polarized.
When the impulse is initiated and penetrates the cell
Influx of Sodium ions and causes polarization and as it travels down, influx potassium. Allows it to depolarize and reset the ions ready for the next nerve.
This is done through positive and negatively charges Ions.
77
How is a nerve impulse initiated?
Stimulated by sensory nerve endings.
OR
Passage of impulse from another nerve.
Transmission is due to the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
78
How fast is a neuron?
An impulse can travel the length of a neurone in a few milliseconds. Including the longest - from the base of the spine to the foot.
79
What affects the speed of the nerve impulse?
The diameter of the neuron. (Wider = Less resistance facing the ion flow = Faster.
AND
Where is is myelinated or unmyelinated. (More Myelin = More insulation = Faster.
80
What is the AMS?
The Autonomic Nervous System contorls the fintions of the body carried automatically.
Effects are rapid and essential for moeostasis.
Effector organs are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
81
What are symptoms of the ANS at work?
Changes in heartbeat.
Vasoconstriction / vasodilation.
Bronchoconstriction / bonchodilation.
Changes in pupil size.
82
What is the SNS?
The Sympathetic Nervous system is the bodies fight or flight response.
83
Name some of the physical reactions to the SNS at work?
Pupils dilated, rate and force of heart constriction, adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion into the blood, decreased urine secretion, vasoconstriction to the sex organs / genitalia.
84
What is the Parasympathetic NS?
The Parasympathetic Nervous System is the rest and digest state, where business is as usual.
85
Examples of the Parasympathetic NS?
Pupils constricted, tear secretion increased, vasoconstriction, urine secretion increased, digestion and absorption increased.
86
What are the difference in a child's Nervous System?
children have more CFS to support the developing brain and also have more obvious signs of ICP (Inter-cranial Pressure) as there head is not as fixed/solid.
87
Where is CSF produced?
In the 4 ventricles / cavities in the brain.
| It circulated taround the brain and the spinal cord.
88
How much CSF is produced?
Secreted continuously at 720ml per day and remains constant at about 150 ml by the age of 5.
89
What does CSF do?
Lubricated the brain and spinal cord.
Supported the brain and cord and inter-cranial pressure.
Acts as a shock absorber.
Nourishes and cleans by removing toxic substances.
90
What is CSF made up of?
Water, mineral salts, glucose (not insulin dependent?), plasma proteins, creatinine, urea, leukocytes.
91
What is Hydrocephalus?
An excess of CSF in the ventricles of the subarachnoid space.
92
What are the symptoms of a child with Hydrocephalus?
```
Widening Fontenelle,
Separating structure lines in the skull,
Enlarged head circumference,
Prominent scalp veins,
Shrill cry,
Sunset eyes,
Hyperactive reflexes,
Developmental delays.
```
93
Is CSF developed only from brain injury?
No, it can be congenital or acquired.
94
Is Hydrocephalus rare?
No, it's the most common paediatric disorder presenting within the first year of life.
95
Name some common Paediatric Neurological disorders?
| Acquired (Accident or Illness) OR Congenital (Genetic).
```
Hydrocephalus
Spina Bifida
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Head Injury
```
96
Name some common Adult Neurological Conditions?
```
Dementia
Epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Disease
Strokes
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