The Nursing Role in Reproductive and Sexual Health Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
is a body organ that produces the cells necessary
for reproduction
A
gonad
2
Q
Reproductive development begins ________________________________ and continues through life
A
at the moment of conception
3
Q
A gonad is a body organ that produces the cells necessary
for reproduction (the ______________ in females, the _______________ in males)
A
ovary; testis
4
Q
At approximately _____________ of intrauterine life, _______________________________________, the tissue that will become ovaries and testes, have already formed.
A
week 5; mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric (müllerian) ducts
5
Q
By _________________, in chromosomal males, this early gonadal tissue begins formation of ____________________. Under the influence of testosterone, the ____________________ develops into __________________________ and the ______________________________ regresses. If testosterone is not present by ____________, the ___________________________becomes dominant and develops into ____________________________
A
week 7 or 8; testosterone; mesonephric duct; male reproductive organs; paramesonephric duct; week 10; paramesonephric duct; female reproductive organs.
6
Q
cells that will develop into eggs throughout the woman’s mature years
A
oocytes
7
Q
At about _____________ of intrauterine life, the external genitals
begin to develop.
A
week 12
8
Q
These changes in girls are stimulated when the _____________________ synthesizes and releases ____________________________, which then triggers the ____________________ to release __________________________________ and ___________________________________. FSH and LH are termed gonadotropin (gonad “ovary”; tropin “growth”) hormones not only because they begin the production of androgen and estrogen, which in turn initiate secondary sex characteristics, but also because they continue to cause the production of eggs and influence menstrual cycles throughout women’s lives
A
hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); anterior pituitary; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
9
Q
FSH and LH are termed
A
gonadotropin (gonad “ovary”; tropin “growth”) hormones
10
Q
they begin the production of androgen and estrogen, which in turn initiate secondary sex characteristics
A
FSH and LH/ gonadotropin hormones
11
Q
they continue to cause the production of eggs and influence menstrual cycles throughout women’s lives
A
FSH and LH/ gonadotropin hormones
12
Q
the __________________ apparently serves as a gonadostat or regulation mechanism to
“turn on” gonad functioning.
A
hypothalamus
13
Q
Although it is not proven, the general consensus is a girl must reach a critical weight of approximately ________________ or develop a critical mass of body fat before the hypothalamus is triggered to send initial stimulation to the anterior pituitary gland to begin the
formation of FSH and LH.
A
95 lb (43 kg)
14
Q
are the hormones responsible for muscular development, physical growth, and the increase in sebaceous gland secretions that cause typical acne in both
boys and girls during adolescence.
A
Androgenic hormones
15
Q
In males, androgenic hormones are produced by the __________________ and the ________
A
adrenal cortex; testes
16
Q
In females, androgenic hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and the ovaries
A
adrenal cortex; ovaries
17
Q
closure of growth plates in long bones
A
adrenarche
18
Q
When triggered at puberty by FSH, ovarian follicles in females begin to excrete a high level of the hormone __________________________
A
estrogen
19
Q
The beginning of breast development is termed _________________ , which usually starts ________________________________
A
thelarche; 1 to 2 years before menstruation.
20
Q
the first menstrual period
A
menarche
21
Q
The average age at which menarche (the fi rst menstrual
period) occurs is _______________ of age
A
12.4 years
22
Q
The study of the female reproductive organs is _____________________
A
gynecology
23
Q
______________________ is the study of the male reproductive organs.
A
Andrology
24
Q
External genital organs of the male include the ______________ and the __________
A
testes; penis
25
is a rugated, skin-covered, muscular pouch suspended from the perineum
scrotum
26
function of testes
to support the testes and help regulate the temperature of
sperm
27
are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide, that rest in the scrotum
testes
28
Each testis is encased by a protective white fibrous capsule and is composed of a number of lobules. Each lobule contains ______________________ that produce _________________ and a ___________________ that produces _____________________.
interstitial cells (Leydig cells); testosterone; seminiferous tubule; spermatozoa
29
Testes that remain in the pelvic cavity
cryptorchidism
30
FSH in men is responsible for the release of
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
31
Although spermatozoa are produced in the testes, they reach maturity through a complex sequence of events. First,
the ____________________ releases _________, which in turn influences the ___________________ to release FSH and LH, the same as in women. FSH in men is responsible for the release of androgen-binding protein (ABP). LH is responsible for the release of testosterone from the testes. __________________ then combine to promote sperm formation. When the production of testosterone reaches a peak amount, a feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is created, which slows the production of FSH and LH and ultimately decreases or regulates sperm production.
hypothalamus; GnRH; anterior pituitary gland; ABP and testosterone
32
is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis shaft
penis
33
At the distal end of the organ (penis) is a bulging, sensitive ridge of tissue called the ___________
glans
34
A retractable casing of skin, the ______________, protects the nerve-sensitive glans at birth.
prepuce
35
The male internal reproductive organs are the
epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the ejaculatory ducts, the prostate gland, the urethra, and the bulbourethral glands
36
is responsible for conducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens
epididymis
37
absence of sperm
aspermia
38
fewer than 20 million sperm per milliliter
oligospermia
39
semen, or seminal fluid that contains a basic ________ and __________
sugar; protein
40
is an additional hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fi brous coating
vas deferens
41
The vas deferens is an additional hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fi brous coating, which, altogether, are referred to as the ________________
spermatic cord
42
severing of the vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm
vasectomy
43
are two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the bladder and empty into the urethra by ejaculatory ducts.
seminal vesicles
44
These glands secrete a viscous alkaline liquid with a high sugar, protein, and prostaglandin content.
seminal vesicles
45
seminal vesicles secrete a viscous alkaline liquid with a high ________________________________________ content
sugar, protein, and prostaglandin
46
is a chestnut-sized gland that lies just below the bladder and allows the urethra to pass through the center of it, like the hole in a doughnut
prostate
47
The gland’s purpose is to secrete a thin, alkaline fl uid, which, when added to the secretion from the seminal vesicles, further protects sperm by increasing the naturally low pH level of the urethra.
prostate gland
48
lie beside the prostate gland and empty by short ducts into the urethra
Bulbourethral Glands/Cowper’s glands
49
Semen, therefore, is derived from the _____________________________________________
prostate gland (60%), the seminal vesicles (30%), the epididymis (5%), and the bulbourethral glands (5%)
50
is a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, which, after passing through the prostate gland, continues to the outside through the shaft and glans of the penis.
urethra
51
structures that form the female external genitalia are
termed the _________
vulva
52
is a pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis
mons veneris
53
purpose of mons veneris
to protect the junction of the pubic bone from trauma
54
Just posterior to the mons veneris spread two hairless folds of connective tissue, the _______________
labia minora
55
are two folds of tissue, fused anteriorly but separated posteriorly, which are positioned lateral to the labia minora and composed of loose connective tissue covered by epithelium and pubic hair
labia majora
56
is the flattened, smooth surface inside the labia
vestibule
57
is a small (approximately 1 to 2 cm), rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora
clitoris
58
are located on each side of the urinary meatus; their ducts open into the urethra.
Skene glands (paraurethral glands)
59
are located on each side of the vaginal opening with ducts that open into the proximal vagina near the labia minora and hymen
Bartholin glands (vulvovaginal glands)
60
is the ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and the labia majora.
fourchette
61
is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina during childhood
hymen
62
It is often torn during the time of fi rst sexual intercourse.
hymen
63
Female internal reproductive organs are the _______________________________________________
ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
64
are approximately 3 cm long by 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm thick, or the size and shape of almonds. They are grayish-white and appear pitted, with minute indentations on the surface.
ovaries
65
The function of the two ovaries is
- to produce, mature, and discharge ova (the egg cells)
- produce estrogen and progesterone
- initiate and regulate menstrual cycles
66
Their function is to convey the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus and to provide a place for fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
fallopian tubes
67
arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward until each opens at its distal end, next to an ovary.
fallopian tubes
68
The most proximal division, the _______________________, is the part of the tube that lies within the uterine wall.
interstitial portion
69
The next distal portion is the ______________. This is about 2 cm in length and like the interstitial tube, remains extremely narrow.
isthmus
70
This is the portion of the tube that is cut or sealed in a tubal ligation, or tubal sterilization procedure
isthmus
71
is the third and also the longest portion of the tube
ampulla
72
It is about 5 cm; in length and is the portion of the tube where fertilization of an ovum usually occurs
ampulla
73
The ______________________ is the most distal segment of the tube. It is about 2 cm long, funnel shaped, and covered by fi mbria (small hairs) that help to guide the ovum into the fallopian tube.
infundibular portion
74
is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.
uterus
75
The function of the uterus is to
- receive the ovum from the fallopian tube
- provide a place for implantation and nourishment;
- furnish protection to a growing fetus
- and, at maturity of the fetus, expel it from a woman’s body
76
Anatomically, the uterus consists of three divisions:
the body or corpus, the isthmus, and the cervix.
77
Although a fallopian tube is a smooth, hollow tunnel, it is
anatomically divided into four separate parts
interstitial
isthmus
ampulla
infundibular
78
is the uppermost part and forms the bulk of the organ.
body of the uterus
79
The portion of the uterus between the points of attachment of the fallopian tubes is termed the ____________________.
fundus
80
is the portion that can be palpated abdominally to determine the amount of uterine growth during pregnancy, to measure the force of uterine contractions during labor, and to assess that the uterus is returning to its nonpregnant state after childbirth.
fundus
81
is a short segment between the body and the cervix. In the nonpregnant uterus, it is only 1 to 2 mm in length.
isthmus
82
During pregnancy, this portion also enlarges greatly
to aid in accommodating the growing fetus.
isthmus
83
It is the portion where the incision most commonly is made when a fetus is born by a cesarean birth.
isthmus
84
is the lowest portion of the uterus.
cervix
85
The uterine wall consists of three separate coats or layers of tissue:
- endometrium
- myometrium
- perimetrium
86
an inner layer of mucous membrane
endometrium
87
a middle layer of muscle fibers
myometrium
88
outer layer of connective tissue
perimetrium
89
layer of the uterus is formed of two layers of cells and is the one important for menstrual function.
endometrium
90
The mucous membrane that lines the cervix is termed the
endocervix
91
The ____________________, or _______________________ is composed of three interwoven layers of smooth muscle, the fi bers of which are arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique directions
myometrium; muscle layer of the uterus,
92
the outermost layer of the uterus
perimetrium
93
is a hollow, musculomembranous canal located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. It extends from the cervix of the uterus to the external vulva.
vagina
94
Its function is to act as the organ of intercourse and to convey sperm to the cervix. With childbirth, it expands to serve as the birth canal.
vagina
95
Boys, especially those who are obese, may notice a temporary increase in breast size at puberty, termed
gynecomastia
96
is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes
menstrual cycle
97
The length of menstrual cycles differs from woman to woman, but the average length is ____________
28 days
98
The purpose of a menstrual cycle is
to bring an ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed that will be necessary for the ova’s growth should it be fertilized
99
The length of the average menstrual flow is ___________
4 to 6 days
100
Four body structures are involved in the physiology of the menstrual cycle:
the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the ovaries, and the uterus
101
Color of menstrual flow, combination of?
Dark red; a combination of blood, mucus, and endometrial cells
102
Odor of menstruation
similar to marigolds
103
Amount of menstrual flow
Difficult to estimate; average 30–80 ml per menstrual period; saturating a pad or tampon in less than 1 hr is heavy bleeding
104
Duration of menstrual flow
Average flow, 4–6 days; ranges of 2–9 days not abnormal
105
Interval between cycles
Average, 28 days; cycles of 23–35 days not unusua
106
Beginning (menarche)
Average age at onset, 12.4 years; average range, 9–17 years
107
FSH and LH are called gonadotropic hormones because they cause
growth (trophy) in the gonads (ovaries)
108
The release of ______________________ from the _______________ initiates the menstrual cycle
GnRH (also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH]); hypothalamus
109
The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Proliferative
110
Immediately after a menstrual fl ow (which occurs during the fi rst 4 or 5 days of a cycle), the endometrium, or lining of the uterus, is very thin, approximately one cell layer in depth. As the ovary begins to produce estrogen (in the follicular fl uid, under the direction of the pituitary FSH), the endometrium begins to proliferate so rapidly the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as eightfold from day 5 to day 14. This phase of a menstrual cycle is interchangeably termed the
Proliferative
111
The Second Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Secretory
112
After ovulation, the formation of progesterone in the corpus luteum (under the direction of LH) causes the glands of the uterine endometrium to become corkscrew or twisted in appearance and dilated with quantities of glycogen (an elementary sugar) and mucin (a protein). It takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet.
progestational, luteal, premenstrual, or secretory phase
113
The Third Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Ischemic
114
If fertilization does not occur, so the corpus luteum in the ovary begins to regress after 8 to 10 days, the production of progesterone decreases. With the withdrawal of progesterone, the endometrium of the uterus begins to degenerate (at about day 24 or day 25 of the cycle). The capillaries rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the endometrium sloughs off.
Ischemic
115
The Fourth Phase of the Menstrual Cycle (Menses)
Menses
116
is composed of a mixture of blood from the ruptured capillaries; mucin; fragments of endometrial tissue; and the microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum
Menses, or a menstrual fl ow
117
is actually the end of an arbitrarily defi ned menstrual cycle. Because it is the only external marker of the cycle, however, the fi rst day of menstrual fl ow is used to mark the beginning day of a new menstrual cycle.
Menses
118
An interesting property of cervical mucus just before ovulation when estrogen levels are high is the ability to form fernlike patterns on a microscope slide when allowed to dry. This pattern is known as ____________________________
arborization or ferning
119
At the height of estrogen secretion, yet another property of cervical mucus is the ability to stretch into long strands, a contrast to its thick, viscous state when progesterone is the dominant hormone. That means performing this test, known as _______________________, at the midpoint of a menstrual cycle is another way to demonstrate high levels of estrogen are being produced and, by implication, ovulation is about to occur.
spinnbarkeit
120
A woman can do this herself by stretching a mucus sample between thumb and fi nger, or it can be tested in an examining room by smearing a cervical mucus specimen on a slide and stretching the mucus between the slide and cover slip
Spinnbarkeit Test
121
is the cessation of menstrual cycles
Menopause
122
is a term used to denote the period during which menopausal changes are occurring
Perimenopausal
123
describes the period following the final menses
Postmenopausal
124
refers to the total changes that occur at this life stage.
Climacteric
125
The age range at which menopause occurs is wide, between approximately _____________________, with a mean age of ____________________
40 and 55 years; 51 years
126
Secretions from both of these glands help to lubricate the external geni- talia during coitus.
Skene and Bartholin glands
127
a hormone active early in the cycle that is responsible for maturation of the ovum
FSH
128
hormone that becomes most active at the midpoint of the cycle and is responsible for ovulation, or release
of the mature egg cell from the ovary.
LH
129
It also stimulates growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
LH
130
ovary begins to produce estrogen
Proliferative Phase
131
the formation of progesterone in the corpus luteum
Secretory Phase
132
corpus luteum in the ovary begins to regress after 8 to 10 days, the production of proges- terone decreases.
Ischemic
133
is actually the end of an arbitrarily defined men- strual cycle.
Menses
134
stretching a mucus sample between thumb and finger, or it can be tested in an examining room by smear- ing a cervical mucus specimen on a slide and stretching the mucus between the slide and cover slip
Spinnbarkeit Test
135
occurs with physical and psycho- logical stimulation (sight, sound, emotion, or thought) that causes parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
Excitement
136
causes the clitoris to increase in size and mucoid fluid to ap- pear on vaginal walls for lubrication.
Excitement
137
The vagina widens in diameter and increases in length. Breast nipples become erect
Excitement
138
In men, penile erection occurs, as well as scrotal thickening and elevation of the testes.
Excitement
139
In both sexes, there is an increase in heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure.
Excitement
140
is reached just before orgasm.
Plateau
141
the clitoris is drawn forward and retracts under the cli- toral prepuce; the lower part of the vagina becomes extremely congested (formation of the orgasmic platform), and there is increased breast nipple elevation
Plateau
142
vigorous contraction of muscles in the pelvic area expels or dissipates blood and fluid from the area of congestion.
Orgasm
143
shortest stage in the sexual response cycle,
Orgasm
144
is a 30-minute period during which the external and internal genital organs return to an unaroused state.
Resolution
