THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Question 1

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

whose narrative from the old testament describes how God separated light from darkness & created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, & created every living creature in a span of 6 days

Answer 1

narrative from Genesis

Question 2

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

who believed in an atomic universe, they believed that the universe is like a giant living body

Answer 2

leucippus & democritus

Question 3

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

proposed a geocentric universe, where earth is the center

Answer 3

aristotle & ptolemy

Question 4

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

proposed a heliocentric universe

Answer 4

nicolas copernicus

Question 5

MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

proposed the big bang theory

Answer 5

fr. georges lemaitre

Question 6

MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

true or false: the big bang theory is the current accepted model on the formation of the universe

Answer 6

true

Question 7

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

the era where protons & neutrons combine to form hydrogen, helium, & lithium

Answer 7

nucleosynthesis era (10s - 20 mins)

Question 8

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

a rapidly cooling cosmos permits quarks to clump into protons & neutrons

Answer 8

hadron epoch (1s)

Question 9

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

• electrons combine with protons & neutrons to form atoms
• light could finally shine

Answer 9

era of atoms (500 years - 1 billion years)

Question 10

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

the universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus

Answer 10

inflationary epoch

Question 11

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

• post - inflation
• quarks bind with other quarks. to form other subatomic particles

Answer 11

particle era (0.001s)

Question 12

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

gravity makes hydrogen & helium gas merge to form giant clouds that will become galaxies

Answer 12

era of galaxies (1 billion years)

Question 13

SEVEN MAJOR EVENTS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY

as galaxies cluster together under gravity, the first stars died and discharged heavy elements that eventually turned into new stars and planets

Answer 13

15 billion years

Question 14

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

what are the four fundamental forces?

Answer 14

gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force

Question 15

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• pulls you to the center of the earth
• never repulsive

Answer 15

gravity

Question 16

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• binds atoms into molecules
• can be attractive & repulsive

Answer 16

electromagnetic force

Question 17

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• binds protons & neutrons together in the nucleus
• protons don’t repel because of the presence of neutrons (neutrons make atoms stable)

Answer 17

strong nuclear force

Question 18

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

• it gave us the first proof that the universe started as a hot, dense state
• showed that CMB has tiny variations in temperature proving that the universe isn’t perfectly uniform

Answer 18

COBE (cosmic background explorer) in 1989

Question 19

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• breaks down an atom’s nucleus & produces radioactive decay
• mostly present in unstable atoms

Answer 19

weak nuclear force

Question 20

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

who proposed that majority of the galaxies are moving away from each other?

Answer 20

edwin hubble (1929)

Question 21

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

true or false: the farther the galaxies are, the slower they move away

Answer 21

false, the farther the galaxies are the faster they move away

meaning velocity and distance are directly proportional

Question 22

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

are collision of galaxies possible? if yes, why? if no, why not?

Answer 22

they are possible since there are many galaxies and all their movement are random

Question 23

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

which evidence states that the further away the galaxy is, the more. red-shifted its light is?

Answer 23

redshift and the doppler effect

Question 24

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

explain redshift and the doppler effect in your own words

Answer 24

• doppler effect applies to both sound and light, it describes how waves change when something moves toward or away from you
• redshift is a specific result of the doppler effect for light. this is where light looks redder when an object moves away

with these concepts, scientists know that the universe (including space itself) is expanding

Question 25

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG - this evidence was discovered by arno penzias and robert wilson (1964) - proved that there are left over heat/radiation from the early universe

Answer 25

cosmic microwave background rotation (cmb)

Question 26

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG true or false: CMB supported the big bang theory; that the early universe was hot and dense

Answer 26

true

Question 27

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY - it gave a much sharper image of the universe's "baby picture" (COBE) and confirmed. key details about dark matter and dark energy - improved our understanding of the age, composition, and shape of the universe. it told us that the uniiverse is about 13.8 billion years old

Answer 27

WMAP (wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe) in 2003

Question 28

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG - redefined everything WMAP discovered, reducing errors and uncertainties - captured tinier details in the CMB, giving scientists the best-ever measurements of the universe's age, composition, and develoopment - provided the most precise map of the CMB ever

Answer 28

planck in 2009-2013

Question 29

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY: ABUNDANCE OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM who hypothesized that the big bang produced helium and other heavier elements?

Answer 29

george gamas

Question 30

# EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY: ABUNDANCE OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM true or false: the universe is 73% helium and 23% hydrogen by mass

Answer 30

false, the universe is 73% hydrogen and 23% helium by mass ## Footnote sun is 74.5% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass

Question 31

true or false: the universe is composed of 6% normal matter

Answer 31

false, the universe is composed of 4% normal matter

Question 32

true or false: the universe is composed of 23% dark matter

Answer 32

true

Question 33

true or false: the universe is composed of 73% dark energy

Answer 33

true

Question 34

true or false: dark energy is always the same direction as gravity

Answer 34

false, always the opposite to the direction of gravity (repulsive) ## Footnote it is also the reason why the universe keeps expanding

Question 35

# MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE - proposed by albert einstein, this was his favored model after rejecting his own original model - followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature - universe currently exists between big bang and big crunch

Answer 35

oscillating universe theory

Question 36

true or false: out of the three (big crunch, big freeze, big rip) big rip is most likely to happen

Answer 36

false, big freeze

Question 37

# MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE - proposed by astronomers, fred hoyle, thomas gold, and hermann bondi - predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density (density is constant) - the universe has been and always will be the same - matter is constantly inserted into the universe as it expanded in order to maintain a constant density

Answer 37

steady state theory

Question 38

# MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE - proposed by alan guth, american physicist - just after the Big Bang, the universe underwent a period of exponential expansion—a process he called "cosmic inflation." - solved horizon and flatness problems

Answer 38

inflationary universe

Question 39

# MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE - proposed by andrei linde - theory that sees the universe as just one of the many "bubbles" that grew as part of a multiverse - popular in movies

Answer 39

multiverse

Question 40

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE where'd all elements come from?

Answer 40

a star

Question 41

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE imagine the early universe as a hot cosmic kitchen. in those first few minutes, the "ingredients" (protons and neutrons) were mixed at just the right temperature to "cook up" simple atomic nuclei like hydrogen and helium. once the "oven" (universe) cooled down too much, the cooking stopped this process laid the foundation for all the elements that would later form stars, planets, and life itself

Answer 41

big bang nucleosynthesis

Question 42

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE smaller than our sun or 1-7 times larger than our sun

Answer 42

low mass stars

Question 42

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE 8-20+ times larger than our sun

Answer 42

high mass stars

Question 43

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE - formation of elements favorable during the formation of stars - main seq. stars are formed as the star matures (both in high mass & low mass stars)

Answer 43

stellar nucleosynthesis

Question 44

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE: STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS true or false: the heaviest elements are found at the top, while the lightest elements are found at the bottom

Answer 44

false, the heaviest are found at the bottom, while the lightest ar found at the top

Question 45

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE: STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS true or false: low mass stars have less layers, while high mass stars have more layers

Answer 45

true

Question 46

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE: STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS true or false: the most prominent burning phase reaction in a satr is hydrogen burning which becomes the source of star's radiant energy

Answer 46

true

Question 47

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE - fusion shells are mroe evident - little to no light elements are left on the core of the star - shows the end stages of the burning phases

Answer 47

red gian/red super giant

Question 48

# FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE: RED GIANT/RED SUPER GIANT true or false: red giant is a high mass star, red super giant is a low mass star

Answer 48

false, red giant is a low mass star while red super giant is a high mass star