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History - Conflict in the Middle East > The Palestinian Issue > Flashcards

The Palestinian Issue Flashcards

1
Q

What became a real possibility at the end of the 1970s?

A

Peace between Egypt and Israel.

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2
Q

What seemed very unlikely as the focus shifted to Lebanon?

A

Peace between Israel and the PLO.

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3
Q

When was Arafat’s speech to the UN?

A

1974

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4
Q

What happened in October 1974 regarding the PLO?

A

The Arab League formally recognized the PLO and its chairman (Arafat) as the sole representative of Palestinians.

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5
Q

What did Arafat declare in his speech to the UN in 1974?

A

Arafat declared his desire for peace and justice for Palestinians while warning of continuing violence.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What status did the UN grant to the PLO?

A

The UN gave the PLO ‘observer status,’ allowing them to participate in UN discussions about Palestinians.

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7
Q

How did Israelis generally react to the recognition of the PLO?

A

Many Israelis were furious, viewing the PLO and Arafat as terrorists not interested in peace.

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7
Q

Why was the recognition of the PLO by the Arab League significant?

A

It gave the PLO a presence on the world stage and a single Palestinian leader for negotiations.

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8
Q

What did the UN gain by giving the PLO ‘observer status’?

A

The UN gained a designated representative to participate in discussions about Palestinians.

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9
Q

Where did the PLO move to after being expelled from Jordan?

A

Lebanon.

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10
Q

What did the PLO launch from Lebanon after their arrival?

A

Raids on Israel

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11
Q

What hope did the PLO’s arrival give to the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon?

A

Hope for a better future

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12
Q

What services did the PLO provide in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon?

A

Schools, health clinics, repaired roads, and provided electricity and fresh water

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13
Q

What did the PLO do to reinforce Palestinian identity in Lebanon?

A

Flew the Palestinian flag, taught Palestinian songs, and ran Palestinian youth groups

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14
Q

What term was used to describe South Lebanon after it became a stronghold for the PLO?

A

Fatahland.

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15
Q

Why did Lebanese Christians feel threatened by the PLO?

A

The PLO posed a challenge to the authority of the Lebanese government, and there were fears of PLO influence.

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16
Q

What did Lebanese Christians do in response to the PLO’s presence, leading to the involvement of Israel and Syria?

A

Set up paramilitary forces to fight against the PLO; Israel supplied weapons, and Syria sent troops to support the Christians.

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16
Q

What event in March 1978 led to a significant Israeli military operation in Lebanon?

A

Coastal Road Massacre

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17
Q

What happened during the Coastal Road Massacre?

A

PLO militants hijacked a bus, and 38 Israeli civilians (including 13 children) were killed, and 71 were injured.

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18
Q

What was the name of the Israeli military operation in Lebanon that followed the Coastal Road Massacre?

A

Operation Litani (15th March 1978)

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19
Q

What was the PLO’s response to the Israeli invasion during Operation Litani?

A

The PLO became a stronger fighting force, receiving Soviet weapons and launching anti-aircraft missiles on Israeli settlements.

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20
Q

What event on June 3, 1982, triggered Israel’s invasion of Lebanon?

A

Palestinians attempted to assassinate the Israeli ambassador to London.

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21
Q

What was the name of the massive invasion of Lebanon launched by Israel on June 6, 1982?

A

Operation Peace for Galilee

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22
Q

Why did Israel bomb towns as they moved north during Operation Peace for Galilee?

A

Israel wanted the complete removal of the PLO from Lebanon.

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23
Q

What did Israel do after surrounding Beirut, the PLO headquarters?

A

Bombarded it for two months, cutting off food, water, and electricity.

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24
Q

What was the result of Israel’s bombardment of Beirut?

A

The city was reduced to rubble, and around 20,000 innocent Lebanese civilians were killed.

25
Q

What multinational force supervised the evacuation of the PLO from Beirut in late August?

A

A force from the USA, France, and Italy.

26
Q

Why did the IDF surround the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in mid-September?

A

Claiming PLO terrorists remained in these camps.

27
Q

What tragic event occurred during the IDF’s presence at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps?

A

A brutal massacre with up to 3,500 people killed and tortured.

28
Q

Why was Israel widely condemned during the events at Sabra and Shatila?

A

Israel was criticized for allowing the massacre to happen.

29
Q

When did Israel start withdrawing from Beirut, and what facilitated the withdrawal?

A

September 1983; The USA organized a peace treaty between Lebanon and Israel.

30
Q

What impact did Israel’s invasion of Lebanon have on the security of towns in Galilee?

A

Israel felt more secure as towns in Galilee were now free from PLO raids and missiles.

31
Q

What weakened the PLO’s ability to damage Israel after the invasion of Lebanon?

A

The PLO leadership had not been destroyed but was 2,400km away.

32
Q

Why did Israel face strong criticism after the invasion of Lebanon?

A

Israel’s methods were criticized for being brutal, both in terms of the death rate and the type of weapons used.

33
Q

What was the outcome of the strong criticism faced by Israel after the invasion?

A

A significant number of Israelis began to protest against their government, leading to the resignation of Defense Minister Ariel Sharon.

34
Q

What new enemy did Israel face as a result of the invasion of Lebanon?

A

Hezbollah, an extremist Muslim group created in 1982 to force Israel to leave Lebanon.

35
Q

What does the term “Intifada” mean in the context of the conflict?

A

The term “Intifada” means the attempt to ‘shake off’ Israeli control.

36
Q

Why did tensions erupt into the Intifada in 1987?

A

Tensions erupted due to constant Israeli control over Gaza and the West Bank, including checkpoints, house searches, and person searches, as well as beatings and imprisonment without trial.

37
Q

What were some of the reasons for Palestinians’ resentment during the Intifada?

A

Palestinians resented the continual building of Jewish settlements, the confiscation of land and homes, and the superior facilities and businesses of Jewish settlers.

38
Q

How did the building of Jewish settlements contribute to Israeli control?

A

Jewish settlements, encouraged by subsidies and tax breaks, increased Israel’s control over the territories, leading to more resentment among Palestinians.

39
Q

How long did the Intifada last?

A

5 years (1987 - 1993).

40
Q

What event in December 1987 triggered the mass uprising known as the Intifada?

A

The triggering event was an IDF vehicle crashing into two vans in Gaza, killing 4 Palestinians and wounding 7. Many believed it was deliberate, leading to riots at the funerals.

41
Q

How did the Intifada begin and spread initially?

A

The Intifada began with spontaneous riots following the death of Palestinians, and within two weeks, it spread from Gaza to the West Bank. It was leaderless and spontaneous in its early stages.

42
Q

How did Israel respond to the initial phase of the Intifada?

A

Israel responded with a repression Iron Fist policy, deploying more troops, making arrests, destroying homes, imposing curfews, and using tear gas. There were also reports of breaking the arms and fingers of stone throwers, mostly children.

43
Q

What organization was established during the Intifada to organize more sophisticated protests?

A

The Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) was established to organize more sophisticated protests, including boycotts of Israeli goods and services, refusing taxes, and resisting the carrying of ID cards.

44
Q

How many Palestinians were killed during the Intifada, and who were they killed by?

A

Over 2,000 Palestinians were killed, with 1,200 by Israelis and 882 by Palestinians accusing them of collaboration. Additionally, 160 Israelis died.

45
Q

What impact did the Intifada have on the economies of both sides?

A

Both economies were badly damaged, with unemployment rising to 50% in the occupied territories. Life became even harder, with schools closed, water usage restricted, and homes demolished without warning.

46
Q

How did the Intifada affect tourism to Israel?

A

Tourism to Israel collapsed as a result of the Intifada.

47
Q

What change did the Intifada bring to the Palestinian people?

A

The Intifada unified and empowered the Palestinians, leading to a turning point in their struggle.

48
Q

How did media coverage impact international opinion during the Intifada?

A

Media coverage led to a major change in international opinion. The images of Palestinian living conditions and severe Israeli repression shocked people worldwide.

49
Q

What was the impact of the Intifada on US public opinion?

A

The Intifada shifted US public opinion, especially as images of children facing repression circulated. The US government rethought its attitude toward the PLO.

50
Q

What change did Arafat decide to adopt in response to the Intifada?

A

Arafat decided to adopt a two-state solution, with the PLO accepting the existence of Israel if Israel granted Palestinians independence.

51
Q

How did the Intifada force the Israeli government to reconsider its policies?

A

The Israeli government had to reconsider the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza as attempts to crush the Intifada through repression were not working and proved to be very expensive.

52
Q

When did Arafat announce the PLO’s recognition of the state of Israel?

A

Arafat made the announcement in November 1988.

53
Q

What was Arafat’s new stance regarding the one-state solution?

A

Arafat shifted from wanting to destroy Israel to supporting a two-state solution, advocating for one state for Israel and one for Palestinians.

54
Q

In December 1988, what key points did Arafat make in his speech to the UN?

A

Arafat renounced and condemned all terrorism, reiterated his belief in a two-state solution, called for negotiations with Israel, urged Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories, and accepted UN resolution 242.

55
Q

Why did Arafat change his policy in November 1988?

A

Arafat changed his policy for reasons including the challenge to PLO’s authority, the realization of the importance of peace, Jordan’s renouncement of the West Bank claim, media sympathy generated by the Intifada, US pressure to acknowledge Israel’s right to exist, and regional support.

56
Q

What prompted Arafat to recognize Israel in November 1988?

A

Arafat’s recognition of Israel was prompted by a desire to maintain the PLO’s authority in negotiations, a shift in Palestinian priorities towards peace, Jordan’s renouncement of the West Bank claim, global sympathy generated by the Intifada, US pressure, and encouragement from some Arab states.

57
Q

How did the Intifada influence Arafat’s policy change?

A

The Intifada made Arafat realize that achieving peace was more important for Palestinians than the unattainable goal of destroying Israel. The global sympathy generated by the Intifada also played a role in shaping Arafat’s decision to recognize Israel.

58
Q

What did Arafat announce in November 1988 regarding the PLO’s stance towards Israel?

A

Arafat announced that the PLO would recognize the state of Israel and endorse a two-state solution.

59
Q

What significant change did Arafat declare in December 1988 during a speech to the UN?

A

Arafat renounced and condemned all terrorism, reiterated the belief in a two-state solution, and asked for negotiations with Israel.

60
Q

Why did Arafat change his policy and renounce terrorism?

A

Several factors, including challenges from other Palestinian groups, the realization that peace was more important, King Hussein giving up Jordan’s claim to the West Bank, media coverage generating sympathy, pressure from the USA, and requests from some Arab states.

61
Q

What was the response of other Palestinian groups, like Hamas and Islamic Jihad, to Arafat’s change in policy?

A

Some Palestinian groups, such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad, rejected Arafat’s offer and continued to advocate for the total destruction of Israel.

62
Q

What was the significance of Arafat’s change in policy?

A

Raids and attacks by Palestinians continued, Israel rejected Arafat’s proposals, over 80 countries expressed readiness to recognize the new state of Palestine, Arafat’s popularity increased, the USA initiated negotiations with the PLO, and some Palestinian factions, like Hamas and Islamic Jihad, opposed Arafat’s approach.

History - Conflict in the Middle East (9 decks)

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