The pancreas

Question 1

The pancreas

Where does the pancreatic duct empty secretions into?

Answer 1

The duodenum of the small intestine

Question 2

The pancreas

General structure of pancreas (image)

Answer 2

Question 3

The pancreas

Acini cells

Answer 3

Groups of exocrine cells

Secrete into pancreatic duct

Question 4

The pancreas

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 4

Groups of endocrine cells

Question 5

The pancreas

What group of cells secrete into the pancreatic ducts?

Answer 5

Acini cells

Question 6

The pancreas

Exocrine function of pancreas

Answer 6

Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice

Contains digestive enzymes

Question 7

The pancreas

Endocrine function of pancreas

Answer 7

Secrete hormones important for glucose homeostasis

Question 8

The pancreas

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 8

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 9

The pancreas

What type of hormone is insulin?

Answer 9

Polypeptide hormone

Question 10

The pancreas

What secretes insulin?

Answer 10

ß-cells of the islets of Langerhans

Question 11

The pancreas

What factors cause insulin to be produced

Answer 11

High blood glucose and amino acids

Gastrointestinal hormones

Parasympathetic nerve stimulation

Question 12

The pancreas

What factors inhibit insulin secretion?

Answer 12

Sympathetic nerve stimulation

Somatostatin

Question 13

The pancreas

What 7 things does insulin stimulate?

Answer 13

Glucose uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues

Translocation of glucose transporter into cell membrane

Glucose utilisation and ATP production

Glucogen storage

Inhibition of gluconeogenesis

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

Formation of triglycerides

Question 14

The pancreas

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 14

The liver

Question 15

The pancreas

What when stimulated by insulin forms triglycerides?

Answer 15

Adipose tissue

Question 16

The pancreas

What is the glucose transporter molecule that transports glucose across the cell membrane?

Answer 16

GLUT4

Question 17

The pancreas

What type of hormone is glucagon?

Answer 17

Polypeptide hormone

Question 18

The pancreas

What synthesises and secretes glucagon?

Answer 18

a-cells of the islets of Langerhans

Question 19

The pancreas

What factors cause the production of glucagon?

Answer 19

Low blood glucose

High blood amino acids

Gastrointestinal hormones

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation

Question 20

The pancreas

Why is glucagon produced in response to high blood amino acid levels?

Answer 20

Protects from hypoglycaemia

Question 21

The pancreas

What factors inhibit the secretion of glucagon?

Answer 21

Insulin

Somatostatin

Question 22

The pancreas

What does glucagon interact with to cause it’s affects?

Answer 22

Cell surface receptors

Question 23

The pancreas

What does glucagon stimulate?

Answer 23

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

Use of glucose in metabolism

Question 24

The pancreas

Gluconeogeneis

Answer 24

Produces glucose from amino acids

Question 25

# The pancreas Lipolysis

Answer 25

Break down of lipids in adipose tissue Results in alternative energy substrate

Question 26

# The pancreas What type of hormone is somatostatin?

Answer 26

Polypeptide hormone

Question 27

# The pancreas Where is somatostatin synthesised and secreted?

Answer 27

Delta-cells of the islets of Langerhans

Question 28

# The pancreas What does somatastin suppress?

Answer 28

Insulin and glucagon release Secretion of other gastrointestinal hormones Exocrine secreations from pancreas and gastrointestinal tract Rate of gastric emptying Rate of gastrointestinal motility

Question 29

# The pancreas What type of hormone is pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 29

Polypeptide hormone

Question 30

# The pancreas Where is the pancreatic polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted?

Answer 30

PP-cells in the islets of Langerhans

Question 31

# The pancreas What does the pancreatic polypeptide hormone do?

Answer 31

Regulates exocrine and endocrine sectreation of the pancreas Inhibits gall bladder contraction

Question 32

# The pancreas What range is considered normal for blood glucose?

Answer 32

3.5 - 6.0 mM

Question 33

# The pancreas Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 33

Inability to regulate blood glucose concentration

Question 34

# The pancreas What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 34

Insulin defeciency Autoimmune destruction of ß-cells in islets of Langerhans

Question 35

# The pancreas Treatments for type 1 diabetes

Answer 35

Insulin injections Infusion pump

Question 36

# The pancreas What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 36

Insulin resistance Caused by range of life style, medical and genetic factors

Question 37

# The pancreas Treatments for type 2 diabetes

Answer 37

Healthy diet Increased physical activity Medication and/or insulin

Question 38

# The pancreas Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 38

Hyperglycaemia Glycosuria Polyuria Polydipsia Diabtetic neuropathy Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic nephropathy Persistant infections

Question 39

# The pancreas Hyperglycaemia

Answer 39

High glucose concentration in the bloodstream Especially after a meal

Question 40

# The pancreas Glycosuria

Answer 40

Kidney doesn't completely reabsorb high load of glucose Glucose excreted in urine

Question 41

# The pancreas Polyuria

Answer 41

Osmotic nature of glucose causes water retention in renal tubules Increases unrine output

Question 42

# The pancreas Polydipsia

Answer 42

Water loss can lead to dehydration and thirst

Question 43

# The pancreas Diabetic neuropathy

Answer 43

Pathological changes in peripheral nervous system

Question 44

# The pancreas Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 44

Pathological changes in small blood vessels in the retina Can lead to blindness

Question 45

# The pancreas Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 45

Microvascular problems impair renal function Can cause renal failure and death