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week 15 > the patient > Flashcards

the patient Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

what is usually causes disease?

A

Micro organisms

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2
Q

What are disease causing organisms called?

A

pathogens

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3
Q

what happens if our multilayered defence system is breached

A

Innate immunity comes into play

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4
Q

what is the innate immune system?

A

It’s reacts quickly
Recognises a pathogen
Destroys the invaders
Induces the inflammatory response
Informs adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What is the first response mechanism?

A

instant

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6
Q

What is the second response mechanism?

A

It appears hours or days later

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7
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

it is a collection of soluble and membrane-bound proteins made by the liver.

Found in the blood, length, extra cellular fluid. Many compliments compounds are proteases.

However, these require activation, a cascade of enzymatic reactions that occur on infection

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8
Q

how is C3b made

A

spontaneous generation of iC3 increases with the presence of a pathogen

This produces C3 (convertase)

C3b is covalently bound and tags the pathogen

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9
Q

how is this response amplified (C3b)

A

positive feedback for C3 convertase production amplifies the response

More C3 convertase = more C3b produced

C3b binds to the pathogen and coats it’s surface

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10
Q

describe regulation of compliment activation (C3b)

A

peroperdin (factor P) mentains C3b activity by preventing cleavage

This extends the lifetime of the C3 convertase, a positive control mechanism

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11
Q

how is negative feedback, in compliment, activation controlled

A

Factor H and factor I are plasma proteins.

factor H binds to C3b and makes it susceptible to cleavage by factor I

This is essential for negative control to prevent C3 depletion and over activation

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12
Q

what is another factor that increases susceptibility to factor I

A

Factor MCP

Factor MCP and factor H work in a similar manner

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13
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the first cellular defence in innate immunity

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14
Q

what does C5-C9 do

A

They assemble a complex that perforates the cell membrane

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15
Q

what does protectin CD59 do

A

prevents the formation of the MAC in human cells, preventing pore formation and cell lysis

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16
Q

what is calor

A

heat

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17
Q

what is dolor

A

pain

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18
Q

what is rubor

A

redness

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19
Q

what is tumor

20
Q

describe symptoms that relate to acute inflammation

Study These Flashcards
A

Local reaction
Movement of proteins and cells from blood tissue
Predominantly neutrophils
Clearance of immune challenge
Resolution

21
Q

What does acute inflammation look like?

Study These Flashcards
A

swelling comes to a point to drain (pus)

22
Q

How would you describe chronic inflammation

Study These Flashcards
A

prolonged
Non resolving
Leads to loss of function
Persistent inflammatory cells and mediators

Feather disease

23
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Is the formation of blood cells, red and white?

shifts during development

Occurrs throughout life in bone marrow

24
Q

What are white blood cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

leukocytes
Immune system cells

25
describe the neutrophils, fight and die
Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection Neutrophils travel to and into the infected tissue, were they engulf and kill bacteria. The neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by macrophages.
26
explain macrophages, fight and live
binding of bacteria to phagocytotic receptors on macrophages induces their engulfment and degradation Binding of bacterial components to signalling receptors on macrophages induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines
27
Describe how cells of innate immunity recognise, pathogens-pattern recognition
pattern recognition receptors (PRR) bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) lectins recognise carbohydrates on microbial surfaces CR3 and iCB3 (from compliment activation) CD14 binds to LPS Leads to phagocytosis
28
what are TLR
toll like receptors a family of signalling receptors Expressed by different cell types Recognise different pathogens Taylor innate immune responses to what and where TLR signalling switches on cytokines production. This informs adaptive immunity
29
What are some adaptations of neutrophils?
they are the most abundant white blood cell Huge bone marrow reserve of Mature neutrophils Products of inflammation attract neutrophils to sites of infection Neutrophils are adapted for working without oxygen They will die hours after entry to infected tissue. Forming pus (MYELOPEROXIDASE)
30
what are mast cells
C3a and C5a activate mast cells anaphylatoxins they are resident in tissue and sub mucosae they release histamine they release cytokine
31
Give examples of inflammatory mediators
cytokines Chemokines complement Amiens Lipid mediators
32
why are neutrophils good eaters
most pathogens are recognised There is a greater diversity of diet than macrophages There are more antimicrobial weapons than macrophages Death comes swiftly
33
Describe the process of neutrophils eating until they die
bacterium is phagocytosed by neutrophil Phagosome fuses with specific granules (azurophillic) PH of phagosome rises, antimicrobial response is activated, and bacteria is killed PH of phagosome decreases, fusion with lysosomes allows acid hydrolase is to degrade the bacterium completely Neutrophil dies by apoptosis, and is phagocytosed by macrophage
34
How do pathogens die Give two examples
Oxygen independent and oxygen dependent
35
What is oxygen independent?
lysozyme. azurophillic granules NADPH oxidase
36
What is oxygen dependent?
assembly of active NADPH oxidase at membrane results in respiratory burst and produces powerful oxidising agents
37
what is CGD
chronic granulomatous disease mutations in genes for NADPH oxidase No respiratory burst No pH, change in phagosome No damage to pathogens Infections are not cleared and remain in localised nodules (granulomas)
38
what do inflammatory cytokines (multitask) do
IL-1 and IL-6 and TNF alpha are released by macrophages in response to bacteria These have multiple effects on the body they are pyrogens which raise temperature Reduce bacteria and virus growth Enhance adaptive immunity They stimulate the production of acute phase proteins CRP and MBL
39
how do acute phase proteins, enhance innate immunity?
CRP binds to bacterial and fungal cell walls MBL binds to mannose containing carbohydrates both are opsonins (which enhances phagocytosis) Synthesis increases 1000 Fold in the acute phase response
40
Describe how compliment activation has different intentions, but the same end result
there are three activation, pathways-alternative, classical and lectin All three pathways converge at production of the C3 convertase Activation pathways differ with time At the start of an infection, it is mainly the alternative pathway acute phase response produces CRP and MBL-lectin and classical pathway
41
what are NK cells
natural killer cells
42
what are the benefits of NK cells
they are The Killers of innate immunity They have a large granular lymphocyte They are the cytotoxic T cells of innate immunity They kill and make cytokines The activity increases from 22 100 times on exposure to the interferons They provide an early response to virus infection until cytotoxic T cells are ready People with no NK cells have a persistent viral infections, despite having normal adaptive immune responses
43
What is the instant first response?
complement, phagocytes, NK
44
What is the second response?
acute phase proteins
45
what does complement activation do?
It’s enhances phagocytosis, which results in bacterial death, which induces inflammation
46
What do neutrophils do? (three).
Roll, stick and migrate
47
What do cytokines do?
they bring in the second, acute phase response

week 15 (3 decks)

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