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Pharmacy Year 1 > The Patient Definitions > Flashcards

The Patient Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA- the nucleic acid polymer of which the genes are made

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2
Q

What is a gene

A

A unit of genetic information

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic information from an individual

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4
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large polymeric molecule. Found in living cells especially DNA, RNA, protein or polysaccharide

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The processes by which nutrient molecules are transported and transformed within the cell to release energy and to provide new cell material

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6
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

Polymer made of nucleotides that carries genetic information

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7
Q

What is replication?

A

Duplication of DNA prior to cell division

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8
Q

What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A

Nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having ribose in place of deoxyribose and having uracil in place of thymine

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9
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

The cells machinery for making proteins

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10
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

Primitive, relatively simple, single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus

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11
Q

What is a cell?

A

The cell is the basic unit of life. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and usually has a full set of genes that provide it with the genetic information necessary to operate

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12
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Progressive changes in the structure and gene expression of cells belonging to a single organism that leads to the formation of different types of cell

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13
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A hydrophobic molecule found making up cell membranes and consisting of a soluble head group and two fatty acids both linked to glycerol phosphate

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14
Q

What is a protein?

A

Polymer made from amino acids that does most of the work in the cell

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The portion of a cell that is inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus

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16
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A thin flexible structural layer made of protein and phospholipid that is found surrounding all living cells

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17
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Structure containing the genes of a cell and made of a single molecule of DNA

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18
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Higher organism with advanced cells, which have more than one chromosome within a compartment called the nucleus

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19
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA. The class of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the genes to the rest of the cell

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20
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

An internal compartment surrounded by the nuclear membrane and containing the chromosomes. Only the cells of higher organisms have nuclei

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21
Q

What is a prokaryote ?

A

Lower organism, such as a bacterium, with a primitive type of cell containing a single chromosome and having no nucleus

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22
Q

What is Escherichia coli ?

A

A bacterium commonly used in molecular biology

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23
Q

What is archaea / archaebacteria ?

A

The type of bacteria forming a genetically-distinct domain of life. Includes many bacteria growing under extreme conditions

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24
Q

What are eubacteria ?

A

Bacteria of the normal kind as opposed to the genetically- distinct archaebacteria. These bacteria cause disease

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25
What is a nuclear envelope?
Envelope consisting of two concentric membranes that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
26
What is peptidoglycan ?
Mixed polymer of carbohydrate and amino acids that comprises the structural layer of bacterial cell walls
27
What is a species?
A group of closely-related organisms with a relatively recent common ancestor. Among animals, species are populations that breed among themselves but not with individuals of other populations. No satisfactory definition exists for bacteria or other organisms that do not practise sexual reproduction
28
What is transcription?
Process by which information from DNA is converted into its RNA equivalent
29
What is translation?
Making a protein using the information provided by mRNA
30
What is a nuclear pore ?
Pore in the nuclear membrane through which the nucleus communicates with the cytoplasm
31
What is chlorophyll ?
Green pigment that absorbs light during photosynthesis
32
What is a crista ?
Infolding of the respiratory membranes of the mitochondria
33
What is a cytoskeleton?
Internal structural elements in eukaryotic cells that keep the cellular shape and provide structures to move intracellular materials and organelles from one location to another
34
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
Internal system of membranes found in eukaryotic cells
35
What is Golgi apparatus ?
A membrane-bound organelle that takes part in export of materials from eukaryotic cells
36
What is a lysosome ?
A membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains degradative enzymes
37
What are membrane bound organelles ?
Organelles that are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes
38
What is a mitochondrion?
Membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that produces energy by respiration
39
What is an organelle?
Sub cellular structure that carries out a specific task. Membrane bound organelles are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes, but other organelles such as the ribosome are not
40
What is actin?
A long filament of small subunits that is a component of cellular cytoskeleton
41
What is entamoeba ?
A very primitive single-celled eukaryote that lacks mitochondria
42
What is diploid?
Possessing two copies of each gene
43
What is a gametophyte?
Haploid phase of a plant, especially of lower plants such as misses and liverworts, where it forms a distinct multicellular body
44
What is haploid ?
Possessing only a single copy of each gene
45
What is polyploidy?
Possessing more than two copies of each gene
46
What is domain ( of life)?
Highest ranking group into which living creatures are divided, based on the most fundamental genetic properties
47
What is a genus ?
A group of closely-related species
48
What are germline cells ?
Reproductive cells producing eggs or sperm that take part in forming the next generation
49
What is a kingdom ?
Major subdivision of eukaryotic organisms, in particular the plant, fungus and animal kingdoms
50
What is a phylum?
Major groups into which animals are divided, roughly equivalent in rank to the division of plants or bacteria
51
What are somatic cells ?
Cells making up the body but which are not part of the germ cell line
52
What does totipotent mean?
Capable of giving rise to a complete multicellular organism
53
What are antibiotics ?
Chemical substances that inhibit specific biochemical processes and thereby stop bacterial growth selectively, that is without killing the patient too
54
What does pathogenic mean?
Disease-causing
55
What is penicillin?
An antibiotic made by a mould called penicillium which grows on bread producing a blue layer of fungus
56
What is polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) ?
Amplification of a DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication
57
What is F-plasmid?
A particular plasmid that confers ability to mate on its bacterial host E.Coli
58
What is gram-negative bacterium ?
Type of bacterium that only has an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and lacks an outer membrane
59
What is budding?
Type of cell division seen in yeasts in which a new cell forms as a bulge on the mother cell, enlarged and finally separates
60
What is apoptosis?
Programmed suicide of unwanted cells
61
What is a detergent ?
A molecule that is hydrophobic at one end and highly hydrophilic at the other end and which is used to dissolve lipids or grease
62
What is EDTA?
Ethylene diamine tetraacetate. A widely used chelating agent that minds di-positive ions such as calcium and magnesium
63
What is a lysozyme?
An enzyme found in many bodily fluids that degraded the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls
64
What is centrifugation?
Process in which samples are spun at high speed and the centrifugal force causes the larger or heavier components to sediment to the bottom
65
What is phenol extraction ?
Technique for removing protein from nucleic acids by dissolving the protein in phenol
66
What is ribonuclease ?
An enzyme that degrades RNA
67
What is a parasite?
An organism or genetic entity that replicates at the expense of another creature
68
What is a virion ?
A virus particle
69
What is a virus ?
Subcellular parasite with genes of DNA or RNA that replicates inside the host cell upon which it relies for energy and protein synthesis. In addition, it has an extra cellular form in which the virus genes are contained inside a protective coat
70
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria
71
What is rickettsia ?
Type of degenerate bacterium that is an obligate parasite and infects the cells of higher organisms
72
What is a DNA virus ?
A virus whose genome consists of DNA
73
What is immunisation ?
Process of preparing the immune system for future infection by treating the patient with weak or killed versions of an infectious agent
74
What is a retrovirus ?
Type of virus which has its genes as RNA in the virus particle but converts this to a DNA copy inside the host cell by using reverse transcriptase
75
What is a RNA virus ?
A virus whose genome consists of RNA
76
What is a vaccination?
Artificial induction of the immune response by injecting foreign proteins or other antigens
77
What is a prion ?
Distorted, disease- causing form of a normal brain protein that can transmit an infection
78
What is a transposable element or transposon ?
Segment of DNA that can move as a unit from one location to another, but which always remains part of another DNA molecule
79
What is a viroid?
Naked single stranded circular RNA that forms a stable highly base paired rod like structure and replicates inside infected plants cells. Viroids do not encode any proteins but possess self cleaving ribozyme activity

Pharmacy Year 1 (10 decks)

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