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GCSE Chemistry > The Periodic Table > Flashcards

The Periodic Table Flashcards

1
Q

Which two early scientists attempted to classify elements?

A

John Newlands and then Dimitri Mendeleev.

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2
Q

How did John Newlands arrange the elements?

A

By arranging them in order of atomic weights. He found similar properties amongst every eighth element in the series. This made sense since the noble gases hadn’t been discovered yet. Newlands noticed repeated patterns, although the missing elements caused problems.

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3
Q

How many elements were known when John Newlands tried to arrange a periodic table?

A

63; many were still undiscovered.

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4
Q

What year did John Newlands try to arrange a periodic table?

A

1864.

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5
Q

Why did following the order of atomic weight cause problems?

A

It meant that some of the elements were placed in the wrong group.

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6
Q

What year were the noble gases discovered?

A

1894.

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7
Q

What year did Dimitri Mendeleev arrange his periodic table?

A

1869.

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8
Q

What did Mendeleev realise?

A

That some elements had yet to be discovered.

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9
Q

What did Mendeleev do as a result of his realisation?

A

He left gaps in his periodic table to allow for the discovery of new elements. He used his periodic table to predict the existence of other elements.

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10
Q

What did the discovery of subatomic particles and electronic structure lead to in regards to the arrangement of the periodic table?

A

It led to the periodic table being arranged in order of atomic numbers.

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11
Q

How is the modern periodic table arranged?

A

In order of electronic structure.

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12
Q

How are the elements arranged in their periods?

A

According to the number of electrons in their outer energy level. From left to right across each period, an energy level is gradually filled with electrons. In the next period, the next energy level is filled, etc.

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13
Q

How are the elements arranged in their groups?

A

Elements with the same number of electrons in their outer energy level are in the same group.

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14
Q

What do elements that have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level have in common?

A

They have similar properties.

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15
Q

Why is the table called the Periodic Table?

A

Because similar properties occur at regular intervals.

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16
Q

What else are the Group 1 elements known as?

A

The alkali metals.

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17
Q

What are the four main properties of group 1 elements?

A
  1. They have a low density.
  2. They have low melting and boiling points.
  3. They react with non-metals to form ionic compounds where the metal ion carries a charge of +1.
  4. They react with water, releasing hydrogen.
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18
Q

What two things happen as you go down group 1?

A
  1. Melting and boiling points decrease.

2. Elements become more reactive.

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19
Q

Which three group 1 elements are less dense than water?

A
  1. Lithium.
  2. Sodium.
  3. Potassium.
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20
Q

Why do alkali metals become more reactive as you go down the group?

A

Because the outer energy level gets further away from the influence of the nucleus, and so an electron is lost more easily.

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21
Q

Why do alkali metals have similar properties to each other?

A

Because they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level.

22
Q

Why are alkali metals stored under oil?

A

Because they react very vigorously with oxygen and water.

23
Q

What happens when alkali metals react with water?

A

A metal hydroxide is formed and hydrogen gas is given off.

24
Q

What is the word reaction for potassium with water?

A

potassium + water -> potassium hydroxide + hydrogen.

25
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for potassium with water?

A

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

26
Q

What is the pH of a solution that is produced when a metal hydroxide is dissolved in water?

A

An alkaline solution.

27
Q

What do alkali metals react with non-metals to produce?

A

Ionic compounds.

28
Q

What happens when an alkali metal forms an ionic compound?

A

The metal atom loses one electron to form a metal ion with a positive charge (+1).

29
Q

What is formed when an alkali metal forms an ionic compound?

A

A white solid that dissolves in water to form a colourless solution.

30
Q

What else are the group 7 elements known as?

A

The halogens.

31
Q

What are the three main properties of the group 7 elements?

A
  1. They have coloured vapours.
  2. They exist as molecules made up of pairs of atoms.
  3. They react with metals to form ionic
    compounds in which the halide ion carries a
    charge of –1.
32
Q

What two things happen as you go down group 7?

A

Reactivity decreases and melting and boiling points increase.

33
Q

Why do halogens have similar properties?

A

Because they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level.

34
Q

Why do halogens become less reactive as you go down the group?

A

Because the outer energy level gets further away from the influence of the nucleus, and so an electron is gained less easily.

35
Q

What two things happen as an atom has more energy levels?

A
  1. The more easily electrons are lost.

2. The less easily electrons are gained.

36
Q

What do halogens react with metals to produce?

A

Ionic salts.

37
Q

What do halogen atoms gain one electron to form?

A

A halide ion that carries a negative charge.

38
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between lithium and chlorine?

A

lithium + chlorine -> lithium chloride.

39
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between lithium and chlorine?

A

2Li(s) + Cl2(g) -> 2LiCl(s)

40
Q

What do halogens react with other non-metallic elements to form?

A

Molecular compounds.

41
Q

What is the word equation for hydrogen and chlorine?

A

hydrogen + chlorine -> hydrogen chloride.

42
Q

what is the balanced symbol equation for hydrogen and chlorine?

A

H2(g) + Cl2(g) -> 2HCl(g)

43
Q

When do displacement reactions between halogens happen?

A

A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its salt.

44
Q

What halogens will chlorine displace?

A

Both bromine and iodine.

45
Q

What halogens will bromine displace?

A

Iodine.

46
Q

Where are the transition metals located in the periodic table?

A

Between groups 2 and 3.

47
Q

What are the five main properties of transition metals?

A
  1. They form coloured compounds.
  2. They have ions with different charges.
  3. They can be used as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
  4. They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
  5. They can be easily bent or hammered into shape.
48
Q

What are the four main properties of transition metals in comparison to the alkali metals?

A
  1. They have higher densities.
  2. They have higher melting points (except mercury).
  3. They are much less reactive.
  4. They are harder and more mechanically strong (except mercury).
49
Q

How did Newlands, and then Mendeleev attempt to classify the elements?

A

In terms of their atomic weight.

50
Q

Upon the discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons, how was the Periodic Table arranged?

A

In order of atomic number.

51
Q

What gas is produced when lithium reacts with water?

A

Hydrogen.

GCSE Chemistry (6 decks)

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