THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SELF

Question 1

• “Unified being, essentially at least, with the faculty of rational choice”
• Different philosophers have come up with more specific characteristics of the Self, and over time, these meanings have transformed from pure abstractions to explanations that hold scientific evidences

Answer 1

THE SELF

Question 2

-The ancient philosophy of self can be traced back from the ancient Greek aphorism, “know thyself”
- Used by Socrates as his guiding - principle that he passed onto his students

Answer 2

APHORISM / PRINCIPLE

Question 3

“The unexamined life is not worth living.” Bring inner self to light by _______________?

Answer 3

• Socrates

Question 4

• Socratic Method
• “Man is a being who thinks and wills”
• Puts more regard to the psyche/soul rather than the human body
• Preferred to engage his students in endless discussion
• Had never written down any of his ideas
• “The appearance of the body is inferior to its functions”

Answer 4

SOCRATES

Question 5

Properly nurtured by knowledge, wisdom, and virtues

Answer 5

Soul

Question 6

Enumerate the THE DOCTRINES OF SOCRATES

Answer 6

• KNOWLEDGE IS VIRTUE
• SOCRATIC IRONY
• THE ART OF GOOD LIVING

Question 7

Someone who puts knowledge to good use is a wise one.

Answer 7

KNOWLEDGE IS VIRTUE

Question 8

A pose of ignorance assumed in order to entice others into making statements that can then be challenged

Answer 8

SOCRATIC IRONY

Question 9

Man’s nature is to know about good life
Knowing what is right means doing what is right

Answer 9

THE ART OF GOOD LIVING

Question 10

• The immortal soul that, in some sense, “resides”, in the body and is separated from it at death to be born again.
• After a period in the spirit world, he thinks that the soul is born with some residual knowledge of its own nature and the nature of reality which can be recovered by appropriate questioning.
• The true self is not the body but the soul

Answer 10

THE SELF ACCORDING TO SOCRATES

Question 11

SOCRATES SAID
The body is the ________
The soul is the _________

SOCRATES BELIEVED
The goal of life is _________
How to become happy? To have_______

Answer 11

SOCRATES SAID
The body is the slave
The soul is the master

SOCRATES BELIEVED
The goal of life is happiness
How to become happy? To have virtue

Question 12

• Socrates’s prized student
• Thoroughly expound on Socrates’s ideas of self
• Emphasized the separation of ideal and phenomenal existence
• Truth-seeking
  The metaphysical realm (mind) and the physical world (body)

Answer 12

PLATO

Question 13

• Plato’s dialogue
• Introduced Plato’s conceptualization of the self
• A popular text for many decades in the subject of philosophy

Answer 13

PHAEDRUS

Question 14

According to Plato, the truth or the reality can be distinguished in two:

Answer 14

• The “ontos” (ideal)
• The “phenomena”

Question 15

Ultimate reality which tend to be permanent and spiritual

Answer 15

The “ontos” (ideal)

Question 16

• The manifestation of the ideal
• Impermanent and inferior to the former

Answer 16

The “phenomena”

Question 17

• Plato’s prized student
• Called ideal as “essence” which provides meaning and purpose to the matter and phenomena as “matter” provides substance and solidity to essence
• The two co-exist and are co-dependent

Answer 17

ARISTOTLE

Question 18

derives explanations of the self from sensory and bodily responses.
We know things because we have experienced it through our bodily senses.

Answer 18

EMPIRICISM

Question 19

-Innate knowledge
- Explains self from the standpoint of what is “ideal” and the “truth”

Answer 19

RATIONALISM

Question 20

• Idealism
• Socratic philosophy
  – Knowledge is the personification of good while Ignorance is that of evil.
• Self-knowledge is the ultimate virtue. As the ultimate virtue, it will lead to ultimate happiness.

Answer 20

Socrates

Question 21

-Idealism
- Dualism and Idealism
- Moral virtue is rooted in the intellect and leads to happiness.
- Wisdom and knowledge leads to virtue which will lead to happiness.

Answer 21

Plato

Question 22

• Empiricist
• Aristotelian Philosophy
• Ideal is found inside the phenomena and the universals inside the particulars.
• Ideals are ESSENCE; Phenomena is MATTER.
• Matter and Essence need each other.

Answer 22

ARISTOTLE

Question 23

• Platonism
• Neoplatonism
• All knowledge leads to God
• Understanding of His Gospel will ultimately lead to Happiness

Answer 23

ST. AUGUSTINE

Question 24

• Rationalist
• Mind-body Dualism
• “I think therefore I am”
• The mind and soul can exist without the body.
• Establishing the distinction of soul from the body can make people believe in the afterlife and the soul’s immortality.

Answer 24

RENE DESCARTES

Question 25

- Conscious, thinking substance Unaffected by time - Known only to itself - Not made up of parts Views the entirety of self Conscious and aware of itself

Answer 25

THE SOUL

Question 26

- Material substance Changes through time - Can be doubted - Others can correct claims about it - Made up of physical, quantifiable, divisible parts

Answer 26

THE BODY

Question 27

- Empiricist - Theory of Personal Identity - It is in consciousness alone that identity exists, not on the body and soul. - Distinction between man and person -The self is a matter of psychological continuity - Personal identity is founded on consciousness (memory), not a substance of the soul or the body

Answer 27

JOHN LOCKE

Question 28

- Empiricst - Skeptical Philosophy - A Scottish philosopher, economist, historian during the age of enlightenment. - There is no self, only a bundle of perceptions.

Answer 28

DAVID HUME

Question 29

- Rationalist/Empiricist - Metaphysics of the Self - Reason is the final authority of morality. - Self is transcendental (independent of experience) - The self is not the body - The mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experience but rather actively participates in knowing the object it experience.

Answer 29

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 30

**TRUE OR FALSE** THE SELF IS THE BUNDLE THEORY OF THE MIND No such thing as personal identity because perceptions and feelings may come and go The self is not just one impression but a mixed and loose cohesion of various personal experiences When we are asleep (unconscious), we cease to exist because our perception is removed Self is the series of incoherent impressions received by the senses.

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

- Interprets and coherently expresses what the senses gather. - aware of alterations in your own state. - Includes rational intellect and psychological state such as … Moods Feelings Sensations Pleasure Pain

Answer 31

INNER SELF`

Question 32

-Includes our senses and physical world. - Gathers information from the external world through the senses, which the inner self interprets and coherently expresses.

Answer 32

OUTER SELF

Question 33

- Empiricist - The Concept of the Mind - “I act, therefore, I am.” - The mind is not the seat of self. - It is not a separate, parallel thing to our physical body. - The mind is a category mistake, brought about by habitual use. The only way it can affect the other is through the external world.

Answer 33

RYLE

Question 34

- Empiricst - Neurophilosophy - The physical brain gives us a sense of self. - The self is a product of electromagnetic signals produced by the brain.

Answer 34

CHURCHLAND

Question 35

- Existentialism Empiricist - Phenomenology of Perception - Insisted that the mind and body are intrinsically connected. - All knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on subjective experiences. - The mind is part of the body and the body is part of the mind. - Physical body is an important part of the subjective self.

Answer 35

MERLEAU-PONTY