The Phonatory System Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the larynx made of?
A
Cartilage and muscle
2
Q
The larynx is a variable valve, this means what?
A
Laryngeal resistance may vary from minimal to absolute
3
Q
What sex is the larynx more prominent in?
A
Men
4
Q
What is the thyroid notch?
A
A V-shaped notch on top of the larynx which indicates where the VFs attach anteriorly
4
Q
Where approximately is the larynx located?
A
Around the level of the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae
5
Q
What attaches anteriorly to the thyroid notch?
A
Vocal folds
6
Q
The vocal folds are used for ________
A
Voicing
6
Q
Hyoid bone
A
The only bone in the body that does not articulate with another. The larynx is suspended interiorly from it by extrinsic laryngeal muscles and ligaments
7
Q
What are the protective functions of the laryngeal valve mechanism?
A
Prevents air from escaping the lungs, prevents foreign substances from entering the larynx, expels foreign substances from the larynx by making us couch
8
Q
Vocal folds are loosely _________ and air from the lungs does what?
A
Adducted, air blows them open briefly
9
Q
After being blown open by air from the lungs, what happens to the vocal folds?
A
Their elastic nature and the reduction in subvocal air pressure slings them back into their original abducted position
10
Q
How many cycles/second (Hz) do mens VF vibrate? Womens?
A
Men - 125 Hz, women - 210 Hz
11
Q
Why do men’s VF vibrate more slowly than women’s?
A
12
Q
The hyoid bone is part of the ______ skeleton
A
Axial
13
Q
What is the largest part of the hyoid bone?
A
The corpus, or body
14
Q
The hyoid provides an anterior attachment for most of the ________ muscle.
A
Tongue
15
Q
What muscles is the hyoid suspended by?
A
They are called the hyoid sling muscles: stylohyoid, digastricus (posterior and anterior), geniohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
16
Q
Which muscles are known as the strap muscles of the neck?
A
Geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
16
Q
What are the nine cartilages that make up the larynx?
A
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, 2 arytenoid, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiform
16
Q
What type of cartilage is thyroid?
A
Hyaline
17
Q
What type of cartilage is cricoid?
A
Hyaline
18
Q
What type of cartilage is epiglottis?
A
Elastic
19
Q
What type of cartilage are the arytenoids?
A
Hyaline
20
Q
What type of cartilage is corniculate cartilage?
A
Elastic
21
What type of cartilage is cuneiform?
Elastic
21
What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
Thyroid
21
What is the thyroid cartilage made of?
Two hyaline plates called the thyroid laminae (which are fused together)
22
The thyroid cartilage has ____ ______.
Four cornua (horns), 2 are superior and 2 are inferior
23
The cricoid cartilage sits on top of the _______
Trachea
23
The cricoid cartilage is attached by the ____________ ________
Cricotracheal ligament
24
The cricoid cartilage consists of what two parts?
Anterior arch and posterior quadrate laminae
25
Along the sides of the cricoid cartilage are _________ ______ that provide __________ _______ for the _________ _____ of the _________ cartilage.
Aong the sides of the cricoid cartilage are articular facets that provide attachments for the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage.
26
The attachment of the inferior horns to the thyroid cartilage produces a _____________ _____ _____, which enables the cricoid and thyroid cartilages to pivot
Diarthrodial pivot joint
27
Why do men's VF vibrate slower than women's?
They are longer, with more mass, and less tension
28
What paired cartilages sit on top of the posterior sloping border of the cricoid cartilage?
Arytenoid cartilages
29
What are the two aretynoid cartilages shaped like?
Pyramids
30
What are at the apex of the arytenoid cartilages?
The elastic corniculate cartilages
31
Why are the corniculate cartilages called that?
Because they are shaped like horns
32
Do the corniculate cartilages have a purpose?
No, they are considered vestigial structures
33
What is the epiglottis shaped like?
A leaf
34
Howis the epiglottis attached to the thyroid?
Via the thyroepiglottic ligament
35
How does the epiglottis act as a protective device?
By covering the larynx when swallowing to keep food from entering the trachea
36
What are the cuneiform cartilages embedded within?
The aryepiglottic folds
37
What do the cuneiform cartilages add to the aryepiglottic folds?
Stiffness
38
What are the two joints in the larynx?
Cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid
39
What connects the laryngeal cartilages to adjacent structures?
Extrinsic laryngeal membranes
40
What are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes?
The hyothyroid membrane, the paired hyothyroid ligaments, the hyoepiglottic ligament, and the cricotracheal membrane
41
The laryngeal cartilages connect to one another by what means?
Intrinsic laryngeal membranes
42
What are the intrinsic laryngeal membranes?
Conus elasticus membrane and quadrangular membrane
43
What do the conus elasticus membrane and the quadrangular membrane form what?
One broad sheet of connective tissue called the elastic membrane
44
What is triticeal cartilage?
A small cartilaginous nodule frequently found within the hyothyroid ligament
45
What suspends the thyroid cartilage from the hyoid bone?
Hyothyroid membrane
46
What connects the hyoid bone and the epiglottis?
The hyoepiglottic ligament
47
The hyoid is connected to the epiglottis by what ligament?
The hyoepiglottic ligament
48
The cricotracheal membrane connects what two structures?
The inferior border of the first tracheal ring and the cricoid cartilage
49
The hyoid bone is connected to the thyroid by what?
The hyothyroid membrane
50
The cricotracheal membrane connects what?
The inferior border of the first tracheal ring
51
The hyoid bone is connected to the thyroid by what?
The hyothyroid membrane
52
What is the broad elastic sheet that lines most of the larynx?
The elastic membrane
53
What is the lower portion of the elastic membrane called?
The conus elasticus
54
What is the upper portion of the elastic membrane called?
The quadrangular membrane
55
What is the conus elasticus shaped like?
A cone
56
Where does the conus elasticus lie?
Just below the level of the VFs
57
What is formed by the free thickened margins of the conus elasticus?
The vocal ligaments
58
Why are there not good pictures of the quadrangular membrane?
They are poorly defined
59
What forms the ventricular ligaments for the false vocal folds?
The inferior free thickened borders of the quadrangular membrane
60
What is the space between the true vocal folds called?
The glottis
61
What is the laryngeal cavity divided by?
The vocal folds into supraglottal and subglottal spaces
62
Where does the supraglottal region extend to and from?
From the aditus larygis (uppermost entrance to the larynx) to the glottis
63
Where does the subglottal region extent from and to?
From the superior level of the glottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
64
What are the ventricular folds also known as?
The false vocal folds
65
Where are the true VF in relation to the false VF?
They lie parallel to and just beneath the false VF
66
What are the true and false VF separated by?
The laryngeal ventricle
67
What is the anterior commissure?
The anterior junction point of the true vocal cords
68
What is the posterior commissure?
The posterior portion of the glottis
69
What is the glottis broken down into?
The membranous glottis (60%) and cartilaginous glottis (40%)
70
How big is the membranous glottis in males? Females?
15mm adult male, 12 mm adult female
71
How big is the cartilaginous glottis in males? Females?
8 mm males, slightly smaller in females
72
What are the muscles of the larynx divided into?
Intrinsic and extrinsic musculature
73
What is the extrinsic laryngeal musculature primarily responsible for?
Providing support to the larynx and fixing it in position
74
What is the intrinsic laryngeal musculature responsible for?
The control of sound production
75
What do the extrinsic laryngeal muscles consist of?
Sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
76
What is the origin and insertion point of the sternothyroid muscle?
Origin - back surface of manubrium of the sternum; insertion - lower border of the body of the hyoid
77
What is the function of the sternothyroid muscle?
Pulling the thyroid cartilage downward
78
What is the origin and insertion of the thyrohyoid muscle?
Origin - oblique line of thyroid laminae; insertion - inferior border of greater cornu of hyoid bone
79
What is the primary function of the thyrohyoid muscle?
Depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx
80
Where are the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles found?
At the base of the pharynx, and emanate from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
81
When are the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles active and what do they form?
They are active during deglutition and form one of the principal resonance chambers of the voice
82
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
They are layngeal elevators, when they contract, the elevate the larynx
83
What are the suprahyoid muscles also called and what does is include?
They are called laryngeal elevators and include the digastricus (ant. and post.), stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus
84
What do the digastricus muscles consist of?
Anterior belly and posterior belly
85
What is the function of the digastricus muscles?
They raise the hyoid bone, or if it is fixed, assist in lowering the mandible. Also assist with deglutition
86
Where is the stylohyoid muscle located?
It lies on top os the posterior digastic muscle
87
What is the origin and insertion of the stylohyoid muscle?
Origin - styloid process of temporal bone; insertion - it bifurcates to split the intermediate tendon of the digasticus muscle before inserting into hyoid bone
88
What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle?
Pulls the hyoid bone up and back
89
What does the mylohyoid muscle form?
The floor of the mouth
90
Where is the mylohyoid muscle?
It courses laterally from the mylohyoid line to the midline raphe (seam) The bottom fibers attach to corpus of the hyoid
91
What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?
Depresses the mandible, elevates the jaw, assists deglutition
92
What is the mandibular symphysis?
The visible bump cuases by the junction of the two sides of the mandible
93
Where does the mylohyiod line run?
Along the inside edge of the mandible
94
What is the geniohyoid muscle and where is it?
It is a paired extrinsic laryngeal muscle that lies superior to the mylohyoid
95
What is the origin and insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?
Origin: mental symphysis of mandible
Insertion: body of the hyoid bone
96
What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?
ADD
97
What is the origin and insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?
Origin: upper border of the body and greater horns of the hyoid
Insertion: posterior and lateral regions of the tongue
97
What is the hyoglossus muscle?
It is an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
98
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
ADD but also may influence the position of the larynx indirectly
99
What is the genioglossus muscle?
It is an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
99
Where is the origin and insertion of the genioglossus muscle?
Origin: mental sympysis
Insertion: The body of the hyoid and undersurface of the tongue
100
What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?
Contraction may elevate the hyoid and draw it forward, can influence the position of the larynx
101
What are the infrahyoid muscles? What else are they called?
Also called the laryngeal depressors/strap muscles of the neck, they are the sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles
102
What is the purpose of the infrahyoid muscles?
They lower the larynx and support it below the level of the hyoid bone
103
What is the origin and insertion of the sternohyoid muscle?
Origin: back surface of manubrium of sternum
Insertion: lower border of body of hyoid
104
What is the function of the sternohyoid?
105
What does oblique mean?
Slanting
105
How many bellies does the omohyoid muscle have?
2, an inferior and superior belly
106
What is the function of the omohyoid muscles?
ADD also keeps the neck from collapsing during inspiration
107
How do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles always act?
In pairs
108
What are the two laryngeal adjustments that take place?
Medial compression and longitudinal tension
109
What is medial compression?
Bringing two structures (vocal folds) to meet at the midline. We need this to be able to stabilize the thorax
110
What is longitudinal tension?
Degree of stretching force
111
What is the purpose of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
It is an adductor, tensor, or relaxer, that makes up the primary mass of the vocal folds, adducts and vibrates the vocal folds
112
What is the thyroarytenoid divided into?
Two parts, the thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis
113
What is the thyrovocalis?
It constitutes the vibrating mass of the vocal folds
114
What is the thyromuscularis?
Lies lateral to the thyrovocalis and does not vibrate as much
115
What is the origin and insertion of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
Origin: angle of the thyroid cartilage (right behind notch)
Insertion: vocal process of arytenoids
116
What is the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
The only abductor muscle of the larynx, shaped like a fan
117
What is the origin and insertion of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Origin: posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage
Insertion: upper surface of arytenoids
118
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
An adductor and relaxer, it rotates the arytenoid cartilages to bring the vocal processes and vocal ligament towards the midline. Also determines medial compresstion of the vocal folds
119
Where is the origin and insertion of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
Origin: posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage
Insertion: upper surface of the arytenoids
120
What are the arytenoid muscles?
They are adductors
121
What two parts can the arytenoid muscles be broken down into?
The oblique arytenoids and transverse arytenoids
121
What are the oblique arytenoids?
They connect the two arytenoid cartilages and form an X when viewed from behind
122
What is the function of the oblique arytenoids?
They move the arytenoid cartilages together and regulate medial compression of the VFs
123
Where is the transverse arytenoid muscle?
The fibers run horizontally between the arytenoid cartilages.
124
What is the function of the transverse arytenoids?
Contraction serves to move the arytenoid cartilages toward the midline, making it an adductor muscle
125
What is the cricothyroid muscle?
It is a tensor and relaxer of the vocal folds. When it contracts, it increases the distance between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages which serves to elongate the VF's
126
What does the thyroid gland consist of?
Two lobes placed on either side of the lower larynx
127
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
A strip of thyroid tissue called the isthmus
128
What is thyroxin?
The hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps the metabolism and affects childhood growth
129
What happens if you lack thyroxin?
It slows metabolic activity
130
What is a goiter?
The enlargement of the thyroid caused by a lack of iodine
131
What is CNX also known as?
The wanderer, becuase it is the longest nerve in the body
132
What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
It is a branch of CNX that innervates intrinsic laryngeal muscles
133
What is synthroid?
The synthetic version of thyroxin
134
How can an aortic aneurism affect voice?
By pressing on the laryngeal nerve
135
What does CNX innervate?
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intesting, large intestine
