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College > The Plasma Membrane and Energy > Flashcards

The Plasma Membrane and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

States that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it. The fluid part: phospholipids. The mosaic part: embedded proteins.

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2
Q

Selective Permeability

A

The plasma membrane exhibits permeability. It allows some substances to cross it more easily than others.

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3
Q

Membrane Fluidity

A

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer. The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids affects the fluidity of the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

Membrane Protein

A

Proteins that are part of, or interact with biological membranes.

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5
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

Transmembrane

A

Completely span the membrane. All the way across.

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7
Q

Unilateral

A

One fusing membrane needed to be present.

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8
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Usually held in place by the cytoskeleton elements.

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9
Q

Glycolipids

A

Extracellular surface of lipids.

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Extracellular surface of proteins

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11
Q

Passive Transport Aquaporins

A

Transports water across cell membranes in response to osmotic gradients created by active solute transport.

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12
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration. Movement of small or lipophilic molecules (e.g. O2, CO2, etc.)

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13
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

This occurs when a solute is more concentrated in one area than another.

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14
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein. Movement of large or changed molecules via membrane proteins (e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.)

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15
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Integral glycoproteins that bind a solute and undergo a conformational change to translocate the solute across the membrane.

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration (until equilibrium is reached).

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17
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solutions with a relatively higher osmolarity are categorized as hypertonic (high solute concentration –> gains water).

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solutions with a relatively lower osmolarity are categorized as hypotonic (low solute concentration –> loses water).

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19
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions that have the same osmolarity are categorized as isotonic (same solute concentration –> no net water flow)

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20
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Response of cells sensing a difference in osmotic pressure between the interior and exterior.

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21
Q

Turgid

A

Refers to cells or tissues that are swollen from water uptake.

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22
Q

Flaccid

A

The plasma membrane is not pressed tightly against the cell wall.

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23
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient.

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24
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

An integral protein that exchanges 3 sodium ions (moves out of the cell) with two potassium ions (moves into the cell).

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25
Q

Proton Pump

A

A special kind of transporter that pushes hydrogen ions form areas of low concentration to areas with high concentration.

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26
Q

Electrogenic Gradient

A

The combination of the concentration gradient and voltage that affects an ion’s movement is called the electrochemical gradient.

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27
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process by which large substances (or bulk amounts of small substances exit the cell without crossing the membrane).

28
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process by which large substances (or bulk amounts of small substances) enter the cell without crossing the membrane.

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which solid substances are ingested (usually to be transported to the lysosome).

30
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process by which liquids/dissolved substances are ingested (allows faster entry than via protein channels).

31
Q

Metabolism

A

Describes the sum total of all reactions that of all reactions that occur within an organism in order to maintain life.

32
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Consist of chains and cycles of enzymes-catalyzed reactions.

33
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

A sequence of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, usually releasing energy in the process.

34
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

The series of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring an input of energy.

35
Q

Energy

A

Property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed.

36
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

A form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion.

37
Q

Potential Energy

A

Type of energy associated with an object’s potential to do work.

38
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of thermal energy per unit temperature that is not available for useful work.

39
Q

Law of Thermodynamics/Conservation of Energy

A

The change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system.

40
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of thermal energy per unit temperature that is not available for useful work.

41
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy

42
Q

Free Energy

A

The free energy (G) of a system is a measure of the amount of useable energy in that system.

43
Q

Endergonic

A

If the reactants contain more energy than the products, the free energy is released into the system.

44
Q

Exergonic

A

If the reactants contain less energy than the products, free energy is lost to the system.

45
Q

Equilibrium

A

The states in which all forces acting on the body are balanced with one equal and opposite force.

46
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. May be released during a chemical reaction.

47
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

48
Q

Calorie

A

A measure of energy in food, specifically the measure of heat needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius.

49
Q

ATP

A

Is a high-energy molecule that can be found in all types of cells, including plant cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and more. The main energy source for cells.

50
Q

ADP

A

Is one of the backbones of the energy cycle. The breakdown of glucose in animals can convert ADP to ATP which is the primary energy carrier of life.

51
Q

Phosphate

A

An essential inorganic compound composed of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

52
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Is the chemical addition of a phosphorus group to an organic molecule Carried out by enzymes.

53
Q

Catalysts

A

Any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed.

54
Q

Enzymes

A

A substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms: regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.

55
Q

Activation Energy

A

The lease possible energy required to start a chemical reaction.

56
Q

Active Site

A

Is the region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule.

57
Q

Substrates

A

The molecules enzymes react with.

58
Q

Induced Fit

A

Is a model for the interaction of enzymes and substrates. It states that only the appropriate substrate may cause the active site to alight properly, allowing the enzyme to execute its catalytic activity.

59
Q

Cofactors

A

A non-protein helper molecule that a protein needs in order to be functional.

60
Q

Coenzymes

A

To activate enzymes by binding to the active sites.

61
Q

Non-competitive Inhibitors

A

Binds to a different site on the enzyme; it doesn’t block substrate binding.

62
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

Binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding there.

63
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

A

A kind of enzyme that can change its structural ensemble when it binds to an effector, by which it can change its binding affinity at a different ligand binding site.

64
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

Occurs through the binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site, which can either activate or inhibit the enzyme.

65
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme’s activity is inhibited by the enzyme’s end product.

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