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103 Theme 1 > The Pleura and the Lungs > Flashcards

The Pleura and the Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into

A

Left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and mediastinum

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2
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain

A

lungs

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3
Q

what does the mediastinum contain

A

trachea, oesophagus, heart, blood vessels, nerves

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4
Q

Where does the respiratory system develop from

A

endoderm layer at 4-6 weeks

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5
Q

How does respiratory system development occur

A

endodermal out pouches form lung and bronchial buds,

rapid division of airways so lungs push out into primitive thoracic cavity (take visceral pleural lining with them)

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6
Q

what are the two types of pleurae

A

visceral and parietal (perimeter, outer)

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7
Q

what is visceral pleura like

A

closely adheres to lungs including fissures

Smooth and slippery surface

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8
Q

what does visceral pleura do

A

connects parietal pleura to hilum/ root of lung

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9
Q

what does parietal pleura do

A

lines internal aspects of thoracic wall

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10
Q

what are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

A

costal (internal rib cage)
mediastinal (lateral wall of mediastinum)
diaphragmatic (superior diaphragm)
cervical (cervical region)

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11
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

space between 2 layers of pleura containing a thin layer of serous fluid

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12
Q

what is the function of serous fluid

A

the surface tension of fluid holds lungs against the thoracic wall so the lungs as the thoracic cavity expands

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13
Q

what is a pneumothorax/ haemothorax

A

the surface tension of the pleural layers is lost

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14
Q

what are pleural cavity recesses

A

exist in pleural cavity
not symmetrical due to the heart
occupied by the lung during forced inspiration

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15
Q

what are the types of recesses

A 
costomediastinal recess (LHS only, dip where heart is)
costodiaphragmatic recess (both sides, below lungs)
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16
Q

what are the innervations of the parietal pleura

A

cervical - 1st intercostal nerve
costal - intercostal nerves
mediastinal (phrenic nerve, inside of lung)
diaphragmatic (lower intercostal and phrenic nerves)

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17
Q

what is the innervation of the visceral pleura

A

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) from the pulmonary plexus

18
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A 
mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic 
plus top (apex) and bottom (base)
19
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lungs

A

anterior, posterior and inferior

20
Q

what is the structure of the hilum

A

bronchi, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins
surrounded by the parietal mediastinal pleura
ends in the pulmonary ligament

21
Q

what is also contained in the structure of the hilum

A

bronchial arteries and veins
pulmonary plexus
lymph vessels and nodes

22
Q

what is the function of the bronchial arteries

A

supply oxygen and nutrients to lung and visceral pleura

23
Q

where do the left bronchial arteries originate from

A

descending aorta

24
Q

where do the right bronchial arteries originate from

A

intercostal arteries

25
Q

where do the left and right bronchial veins terminate

A

azygous system of veins

26
Q

how are the lungs innervated

A

sympathetic (from sympathetic trunk) = bronchial musculature dilates and pulmonary vasculature constricts
parasympathetic (vagus nerve) = opposite

27
Q

where does lymph from the lungs drain

A

towards hilum via bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes -> tracheobronchial nodes -> paratracheal nodes

28
Q

what is the structure of the respiratory tree

A 
trachea
primary bronchi (main)
secondary bronchi (lobar)
tertiary bronchi (segmental)
bronchioles (terminal/respiratory)
alveolar sacs
alveoli
29
Q

what is the trachea

A

flexible tube, distal to the larynx (runs c6 to t4/5)

30
Q

what is the structure of the trachea

A

anteriorly C shaped cartilage rings
posteriorly trachealis muscle
bifurcates at level of sternal angle
lined with mucous membrane and cilia

31
Q

what is the structure of the primary bronchi

A

pass into lung at hilum, 1 for each lung (right is wider, shorter and runs more vertically)
contain cartilage

32
Q

what is the structure of the secondary bronchi

A

3 in right lung and 2 in left lung

33
Q

what is the function of the tertiary bronchi

A

each one supplies a bronchopulmonary segment (10 in right lung and 8-10 in left lung)

34
Q

what are the bronchopulmonary segments

A

supplied by a single tertiary bronchus
receives a single branch of pulmonary artery
separated by connective tissue
surgically resectable/ removable in isolation

35
Q

what are bronchioles

A

20-25 generations of conducting bronchioles

no cartilage in walls

36
Q

what do terminal bronchioles give rise to

A

several generations of respiratory bronchioles (characterised by out pockets of alveoli) which lead to alveolar ducts and then sacs

37
Q

what are alveolar ducts

A

elongated airways lined by alveoli which lead to common spaces called alveolar sacs
each alveolus is surrounded by two capillaries

38
Q

what are the two alveolar cell types

A

type 1 pneumocytes (95%)
type 2 pneumocytes (5%)
they secrete pulmonary surfactant to keep alveoli inflated

39
Q

what borders separate the costal and mediastinal surfaces of the lung

A

anterior and posterior borders (inferior is between costal and diaphragmatic surfaces)

40
Q

what effect does the heart have on the left lung

A

cardiac impression (cardiac notch and impression from aorta)

41
Q

what impressions are made on the right lung

A

made by superior vena cava, oesophagus, azygous vein

42
Q

where are the parts of the hilum usually located

A

artery superior
bronchi posterior
veins inferior

103 Theme 1 (5 decks)

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