THE POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY

Question 1

One of the most important theoretical constructs in public administration is the _____________

Answer 1

politics-administration dichotomy

Question 2

Most scholars trace the politics-administration dichotomy to ________

Answer 2

Woodrow Wilson

Question 3

_________ intended to shield administration from _______________

Answer 3

Wilson, political interference

Question 4

Public administration is detailed and systematic execution of public
law…but the general laws…are obviously outside of and above
administration. The broad plans of governmental action are not
administrative; the detailed execution of such plans is administrative

Answer 4

Woodrow Wilson

Question 5

____________ was concerned with both the corrupting and politicizing interference of party
organizations in administrative affairs

Answer 5

Wilson

Question 6

He was critical of the way Congress handled core legislative functions. He stated that
Congress policy making was chaotic and its oversight was weak.

Answer 6

Woodrow Wilson

Question 7

When ________ suggested the clearer differentiation of politics and administration, he was
seeking to strengthen and redirect the former while protecting the latter

Answer 7

Wilson

Question 8

originally considered politics and administration as independent, but later
embraced version of the dichotomy, which assumed that politics and administration interact
to improve the organic state

Answer 8

Wilson

Question 9

asserted that administrators would directly interpret and respond to public
opinion. Therefore, they should be involved in the policy process and elected officials should
be involved in the administrative process

Answer 9

Wilson

Question 10

His ultimate concern was to promote democracy, for he believed that the function of
administration was to rescue democracy from its own excesses

Answer 10

Wilson

Question 11

_____________ argued that certain aspects of administration were harmed by politics and should
have been shielded from it.

Answer 11

Goodnow

Question 12

Two
basic functions of government according to Frank Goodnow

Answer 12

The expression of the popular will and the execution of that will.

Question 13

______________ attacked to the executive, legislative, and
judicial functions as three basic functions of government. Instead, he argued, there were two
basic functions of government: the expression of the popular will and the execution of that will.

Answer 13

Goodnow

Question 14

_________ argued that the function of politics was to express the state’s will and the function
of administration was to execute the state’s will.

Answer 14

Goodnow

Question 15

He contended that it was logically possible to separate administration from politics, but
practically impossible toward the two functions to one branch of government

Answer 15

Goodnow

Question 16

because of _____ and other scholars at this time were interested in strengthening the
relationship between administrators and elected officials rather than separating them.

Answer 16

Goodnow

Question 17

it should be recognized that _____ and _______ aimed to eliminate the spoils
system by ______________ and ____________________.

Answer 17

Wilson and Goodnow, freeing administration from political intervention and establishing a merit based in its place.

Question 18

They particularly opposed political appointments and patronage

Answer 18

Woodrow and Wilson

Question 19

To ______ and ______ politics bore too strong an influence on public administration. Their
aim was to take politics out of administration

Answer 19

Wilson and Goodnow

Question 20

In early twentieth century, _______ also arrived at a dichotomy between politics and
administration, but from the opposite direction of Wilson and Goodnow.

Answer 20

Weber

Question 21

argued that politics are too weak to curb administrative power, and that is the danger
of Beamtenherrschaft (government by functionaries) that treat government. Therefore, he
insisted that it was essential that administration stay out of politics

Answer 21

Weber

Question 22

In “Politikals Beruf” _______ draws a sharp line between administrators and politicians:

Answer 22

Weber

Question 23

According to _______, in the political controversies public administrators should operate above
all impartially and remain politically neutral.

Answer 23

Weber

Question 24

Overeem (2005: 317) contended that in its classical conceptualizations the dichotomy
between politics and administration implied a deep concern about the political neutrality of
administrators. Whether attempts were made to take politics out of administration, as in the
case of Wilson and Goodnow, or the other way around, as in the case of Weber, the aim was
always to render administration impartial, an outsider to political controversy.

Answer 24

True, Weber

Question 25

Demir and Nyhan (2008: 83) note that the politics-administration dichotomy sought to minimize politics in public administration by prescribing _______ , ___________ , and ________.

Answer 25

Expertise, neutrality, and hierarchy

Question 26

In Gulick’s view, the politics and administration were differentiated not in terms of principle, but in terms of ___________ and the __________.

Answer 26

Specialization and division of labor

Question 27

We can see the most criticism in ___________. In “Policy and Administration” (1949), __________ identified politics as everything having to do with the government and everything the government does. Thus, he concluded, administration could indeed not be no part of it.

Answer 27

Paul H. Appleby

Question 28

____________ noted that in the perspective of an outside observer or the public administration theorist, policy and administration are treated together at every level (1949: 22). Thus, whether an issue is policy or administration becomes completely relative; policy and administration are only two sides of the same coin, and there is no use in speaking about them as two distinct governmental functions.

Answer 28

Appleby

Question 29

_________ concluded that public administration is not autonomous, exclusive, or isolated but is policy making nonetheless (1949: 170). He also did draw a horizontal line between partisan politics and other forms of politics:

Answer 29

Appleby

Question 30

Everything having to do with the government and everything the government does is political, for politics is the art and science of government. But in terms of mass, only a small part of politics is partisan (1949: 153).

Answer 30

Paul H. Appleby

Question 31

In the 1960s the role of administrators in policy-making process emphasized because of governments was increasingly troubled by complex social, economic, and security problems such as civil rights and poverty.

Answer 31

True, Appleby

Question 32

Because of the political nature of administration was highlighted, and the dichotomy denounced as false, many believed that administrators should actively apply their personal values and judgments to policymaking

Answer 32

True, Appleby

Question 33

One of reasons for rejecting separation of politics-administration was due to ethical considerations that were evident in the New Public Administration (NPA).

Answer 33

Appleby

Question 34

Some of authors believe that in the 1980s observe a return to the dichotomy with emphasis on __________, ______________, and ________.

Answer 34

Privatization, decentralization and productivity

Question 35

The __________________________ of politics and administration is based on the premise that elected officials and administrators join together in the common pursuit of sound governance.

Answer 35

Complementarity Model

Question 36

_____________ help to shape policy, and they give it specific content and meaning in the process of implementation.

Answer 36

Administrators

Question 37

______________ oversee implementation, probe specific complaints about poor performance, and attempt to correct problems with performance through fine-tuning

Answer 37

Elected Officials

Question 38

Three schools of thought, which are called

Answer 38

Separation, political, and interaction schools

Question 39

This school of thought in that a group of scholars advance an agenda for separating politics from administration to the extent possible for both normative and practical reasons.

Answer 39

The Separation School

Question 40

The separation scholars tend to view the governmental realm as divided into two zones, that is, ___________ and __________.

Answer 40

Politics and Administration

Question 41

The ability to do the work of government expertly, and to do it according to explicit, objective standards rather than to personal or party or other obligations and loyalties”

Answer 41

Neutrality

Question 42

The separation school proponents rest their conclusions on the premise that public administrators are in possession of special knowledge and skills, and elected officials are eager to incorporate administrative knowledge and skills into policy process

Answer 42

Expertise

Question 43

The proponents of the separation school express support for a clear structural division of authority between elected and administrative officials to eliminate or minimize undue political influences on public administration as well as potential conflicts.

Answer 43

Hierarchy

Question 44

___________ on public administrators are leading to corruption, that is, making of administrative decisions based on partisan political considerations. The school draws attention to the potential negative consequences of free interaction between politics and administration

Answer 44

Political influence

Question 45

The separation school defines clear roles for elected and administrative officials. Public administrators are linked to elected officials in _______________. That is, administrators look up to elected officials for ____________, while making expert contributions to policy process by engaging in how to do questions.

Answer 45

Subordinate position, policy direction

Question 46

So, competent, accountable, and responsive public administration constitutes the goal of the separation school.

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

The ______________ proponents consider public administration as an attached part of the political process

Answer 47

Political school

Question 48

The ________________ represents a group of public administration scholars that emphasize and support a broad policy role for public administration.

Answer 48

Political school

Question 49

The political approach to public administration rejects the subordinate, instrumental role of public administration in relating to elected officials.

Answer 49

TRUE, political school

Question 50

Public administrators are not just policy makers but should also be actively involved in policy making.

Answer 50

TRUE, political school

Question 51

The ___________ is represented by a group of public administration scholars that emphasize a high degree of collaboration between elected and administrative officials while maintaining each one’s traditional roles and unique perspectives.

Answer 51

Interaction school

Question 52

the __________ seeks a middle ground between the separation and political schools.

Answer 52

Interaction school

Question 53

The _______________ acknowledges the differences between politics and administration in a few ways such as logical and psychological differences between politics and administration, or dissimilarities in the perspectives, values, and formal positions of elected and administrative officials

Answer 53

Interaction school

Question 54

The political school advocates that public administrators should not confine their domain to mere implementation of policies but expand their role to include policy advocacy and formulation.

Answer 54

Normative Standpoint

Question 55

In their view, political power in the U.S. governmental structure is widely diffused, and this fact makes it essential for public administrators to engage in politics, and build and maintain coalitions

Answer 55

Pragmatic/practical Standpoint

Question 56

The argument for political public administration is advanced on both ____________ and _______________.

Answer 56

Normative and Pragmatic/Practical Grounds