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The RBC Flashcards

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1
Q

The biconcave shape of a RBC functions to do what 3 things?

A
  • Maximize SA
  • Maximize gas diffusion
  • squeeze through sinusoids
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2
Q

Where is the blood produced in the following stages of life:

a. middle trimester
b. last month of gestation
c. birth to 5 years
d. >20 years

A

a. liver/spleen
b. bone marrow
c. all bones
d. vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilium

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3
Q

Where is RBC produced in an adults? (4)

A
  • vertebrae
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • ilium
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4
Q

What is the primary stimulator of erythropoiesis?

A

EPO

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5
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

kidney

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6
Q

What are reticulocytes?
How many days do they spend in the bone marrow?
How many days do they circulate in blood before they mature?

A
  • immature RBCs
  • stays in bone marrows 3 days
  • circulates in blood stream for 1 day before maturing
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7
Q

What % of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes?

A

1%

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8
Q

How long are erythrocytes in circulation for?

How are they recycled?

A
  • 90 to 120 days

- Macrophages in the spleen filter out the RBC and recycle the iron and heme

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9
Q

How much blood needs to be made every day to maintain homeostasis?

A

1%

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10
Q

If i start with a HCT of 40 and today I stop making RBCs in 1 month what will my HCT be?

A

HCT = 28

  • 30 days* 1% per day = 30% lost
  • 30% of 40 = 12
  • 40-12 =28
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11
Q

What is the reticulocyte count in men vs premenopausal women?

A
  • men = 1.5%

- pm women = 2.5%

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12
Q

What causes secretion of EPO?

A

-decreased tissue oxygenation in the kidney

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13
Q

What 2 places is EPO produced?

A
  • liver: 10%

- kidney: 90%

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14
Q

What is the 3 step process of EPO secretion?

A
  • peritubular epithelial hypoxia
  • increases transcription of HIF-1
  • increases transcription of EPO
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15
Q

Maximum EPO production occurs within how much time?

How about maximum increase in RBC production?

A
  • 24 hrs

- 5 days

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16
Q

What 3 diseased states might increase EPO secretion? (3)

A

-COPD, smoking, MI

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17
Q

What diseased state might decrease EPO secretion? (1)

A

chronic kidney disease

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18
Q

What are the 3 functions of RBC?

A
  • pH buffer
  • CO2 transport
  • O2 transport
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19
Q

1 HgB molecule is comprised of what?

A
  • 4 heme molecules

- 4 hemoglobin chains

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20
Q

Each HgB molecule can bind to how many oxygen molecules?

A

4 O2 molecules

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21
Q

HgB affinity is affected by what 2 things?

A
  • temperature

- pH

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22
Q

What type of HgB allows fetal red cells to bind with greater affinity O2 molecules?

23
Q

What type of HgB replaces HgB F after birth?

24
Q

What change in the amino acid change results in a hemoglobin S molecule?

Study These Flashcards
A

glutamine acid -> valine

25
Carries to this disease are resistant to malaria and to coronary heart disease.
B-Thalassemia
26
How does RBC act as a pH buffer?
by converting CO2 into HCO3-
27
How does HgB F help in sickle cell disease?
it decreases the production of HgB S which decreases the probability of the cells deforming and becoming sickle.
28
Why is there no HgB formation in mature erythrocytes?
Erythrocytes have no nucleus
29
The vast majority of total body iron is stored in what?
HgB
30
How much iron does a normal person hold in the body?
4-5 grams
31
Iron is transported by what protein?
transferrin
32
What is the simple storage form of iron?
ferritin
33
What happens to the greater % of daily iron intake?
excreted in feces
34
What molecule is responsible for the regulation of iron uptake?
hepcidin
35
On average normal iron loss is greater in male or female?
female
36
Abnormal iron loss can occur in what 3 situations?
- hemolysis - acute blood loss - chronic blood loss
37
In iron deficiency anemia what are the RBC characteristics?
microcytic, hypochromic
38
Deficiency in what 2 vitamins leads to flimsy, large RBCs that are prone to rupture?
- Vitamin B12 | - Folate
39
What molecule is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?
intrinsic factor
40
For vitamin B12 deficiency to be clinically evident how many years of decreased absorption is necessary?
1-4 yrs
41
Where can we obtain folate from?
green leafy vegetables
42
RBCs usually self destruct in what organ?
spleen
43
when a RBC dies the porphyrin ring is converted into what?
bilirubin
44
What are 5 causes of microcytic anemia?
- thalassemia - anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) - iron deficiency anemia - lead poisoning - sideroblastic anaemia
45
What are the 4 reasons of normocytic anemia?
- acute blood loss - bone marrow failure - Chronic disease - Destruction (hemolysis)
46
What is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia?
Vitamin B12/folate deficiency
47
What type of anemia might present as pancytopenia?
aplastic anemia
48
What reading is important in distinguishing between vitamin b12 and folate deficiency?
methylmalonic acid will be higher in vitamin b12 deficiency
49
what type of anemia is usually a result of inflammation?
ACD
50
Secondary polycythemia (aka erythrocytosis) is a result of what?
increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia
51
Primary polycythemia (aka polycythemia vera) is a result of what?
increase production of erythrocytes due to a neoplastic disorder.
52
What lab count is necessary to first diagnose polycythemia?
a hematocrit >50%
53
If there is a normal red cell volume but an elevated hematocrit what is the most common etiology?
dehydration

Physiology (4 decks)

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