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Ophthalmology > The Red Eye > Flashcards

The Red Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you see redness of the eye?

A
  • Eyelids
  • Conjunctiva/episclera/sclera
  • Cornea
  • Anterior chamber
  • Anterior uvea
  • Posterior uvea/retina
  • Retrobulbar area
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2
Q

How might we get red eyelids?

A

Loss of protective effect
Loss of oily part of the tear film from meibomian glands
Contact problems: eyelid hairs or masses

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3
Q

What causes hyperaemia?

A

Irritation of the white of the eyes

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4
Q

What causes vascularisation?

A

Corneal irritation

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of conjunctival blood vessels?

A

Dichotomous branching
Dilation of the vessels and separation of endothelial cells
- Hyperemia
- Oedema

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of episcleral vessels?

A

No dichotomous branching
Larger
Meander

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7
Q

What do episcleral vessels indicate?

A

Intraocular disease mostly (uveitis and glaucoma)

Sever or chronic surface irritations in some cases.

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the cornea in order?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Storma
  3. Descemet’s membrane
  4. Endothelium
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9
Q

What are the char of the corneal epithelium?

A

It is hydrophobic, does not have blood vessels when healthy and has nerves

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the stroma?

A

It is hydrophilic and stays relatively dehydrated due tot the actions of the epithelium (acting as a passive barrier) and the endothelium (which actively pumps fluid back into the anterior chamber). This allows the stroma to stay transparent.

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11
Q

What occurs when the stroma is overhydrated?

A

Corneal oedema

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12
Q

What a re the characteristics of the decement’s memebrane?

A

A thin collagen layer acting as a basement membrane for the endothelium.

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13
Q

What are the causes of corneal odema and give the pathophysiology…

A

1) Uveitis/Glaucoma
2) Lens luxation
3) Primary degeneration

All of the above lead to endothelial failure and allow for the over hydration of the stroma and thus corneal oedema

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14
Q

What us the iridocorneal angle?

A

An angle formed by the iris and cornea to allow for drainage of the aqueous humour from the eye by pumping fluid into the episcleral vessels.

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15
Q

Describe the route of aqueous humour…

A

Ciliary body -> Posterior chamber -> Pupil -> Anterior chamber -> ICA/uvea/sclera -> out

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16
Q

What intraocular pressure is considered glaucoma?

A

> 22mmHg

17
Q

What intraocular pressure is considered uveitis?

A

< 12mmHg

18
Q

What disease cause loss of epithelium in the cornea?

A

Corneal ulcer

19
Q

What disease result in damage to the corneal endothelium?

A

Glaucoma
Uveitis
Lens luxation
Primary endothelial degeneration

20
Q

What disease result in vascularisation and thus leakage of the cornea?

A

Any irritating problem of the cornea (e.g. KCS, eyelid problems, LPI), ulcers and uveitis

21
Q

What is the anterior chamber filled with?

A

Aqueous humour

22
Q

What does the aqueous humour do?

A

It establishes intraocular pressure.

23
Q

Name the two primary disease affecting the anterior chamber

A

Uveitis and glaucoma

24
Q

How does glaucoma cause an increase in intraocular pressure?

A

ICA closure/clogging increasing IOP

25
Q

How does uveitis increase intraocular pressure?

A

It increases the uveosclearal outflow and thus decrease IOP.

26
Q

What are the parts of the anterior uvea?

A

Iris and ciliary body

27
Q

What are the parts to the posterior uvea?

A

Choroid

28
Q

What are the common denominators of the uvea?

A

It is a mesh of blood vessels that usually contains a lot of pigment

29
Q

What is miosis?

A

Iris spams with resulting pain (the opposite of mydriasis)

30
Q

What are the causes of uveitis?

A

Miosis
Endothelial cell separation resulting in leakage of blood components
Adhesion of iris to the anterior lens (Posterior synchiae)
Development of preiridal fibrovascular memebranes (PIFMS)

31
Q

What are PIFMs?

A

Preiridal fibrovascular membranes. These grow over the iris and in pale irses are visible as rubeosis iridis. It may lead to bleeding in the eye (hyphema) and close/blockage of the ICA - Secondary glaucoma.

32
Q

What is panuveitis?

A

Inflammation of both the anterior and posterior uvea

33
Q

What is in the orbit in addition to the eye?

A 
Extraocular muscles
Optic nerve
Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
Blood vessels
Lacrimal gland
Zygomatic salivary gland
Connective tissues
Nearby anatomical areas (sinuses etc).
34
Q

What can retrobulbar area problems lead to?

A

Altered position of the eye within the orbit
Altered relationship with the eyelids
Possible increase pressure around the eye
Swelling/infection of tissues around it including conjunctiva
Vision loss
Pupillary problems
Restriction of ocular movement

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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