The Red eye (Ophthalmologic Emergencies)

Question 1

What are the 4 common etiologies of Red eye?

Answer 1

Conjunctivitis
Uveitis
Glaucoma
Abrasion

Question 2

How does conjunctivitis present?

Answer 2

Itchy eyes, discharge

Question 3

What is seen on eye exam for conjunctivitis?

Answer 3

normal pupils

Question 4

What is the most accurate test for conjunctivitis?

Answer 4

Clinical diagnosis

Question 5

How do you treat Conjunctivitis?

Answer 5

Topical Abx

Question 6

How does Uveitis present?

Answer 6

Autoimmune diseases

Question 7

What is seen on eye exam for Uveitis?

Answer 7

Photophobia

Question 8

What is the most accurate test for Uveitis?

Answer 8

Slit lamp exam

Question 9

What is the best initial therapy for Uvetitis?

Answer 9

Topical steroids

Question 10

How does Glaucoma present?

Answer 10

Pain

Question 11

What is seen on eye exam for Glaucoma?

Answer 11

Fixed midpoint pupil

Question 12

What is the most accurate test for Glaucoma?

Answer 12

Tonometry

Question 13

How do you treat Glaucoma?

Answer 13

Acetazolamide
mannitol
Pilocarpine
Timolol
Apraconidine

Question 14

How does abrasion present?

Answer 14

trauma

Question 15

What is seen on eye exam for abrasion?

Answer 15

Feeling of sand in the eyes

Question 16

What is the most accurate test for abrasion?

Answer 16

Fluorescein stain

Question 17

What is the best initial therapy for abrasion?

Answer 17

Antibiotics: no clear benefit to patch

Question 18

How is the diagnosis of chronic glaucoma confirmed?

Answer 18

Tonometry: extremely elevated intraocular pressure with possible loss of peripheral vision

Question 19

How do you treat Chronic Glaucoma?

Answer 19

Medication to decrease the production of aqueous humor or increase drainage

Laster Trabeculoplasty if medication is ineffective

Question 20

What medications are used in Chronic Glaucoma?

Answer 20

Prostaglandin analogues
Topical beta blockers
Topical Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors
Alpha-2 agonists
Pilocarpine

Question 21

What prostaglandin analongues are commonly used in Glaucoma?

Answer 21

Latanoprost
Travoprost
Bimatoprost

Question 22

What Topical Beta blockers are commonly used in Glaucoma?

Answer 22

Carteolol
Metipranolol
Betaxolol
Levobunolol

Question 23

What topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are commonly used in glaucoma?

Answer 23

Dorzolamide
Brinzolamide

Question 24

What alpha-2 agonist is commonly used in Glaucoma?

Answer 24

Apraclonidine

Question 25

How does Acute angle glaucoma present?

Answer 25

Sudden onset: extremely painful red eye that is hard to palpation

Question 26

How is the diagnosis of acute angle glaucoma confirmed?

Answer 26

Tonomoetry

Question 27

What can be seen on eye exam in acute angle glaucoma?

Answer 27

Pain when entering a dark room due to pipillary dilation Cornea is "Steamy" and the pupil does not react to light because it is stuck Cup-to-disc ratio >0.3 (normal ratio)

Question 28

How do you treat acute angle glaucoma?

Answer 28

IV Acetazolamide IV mannitol: osmotic to draw fluid out of the eye Pilocarpine, beta-blockers and apraclonidine: contrist the pupil/enhance drainage, bb also decrease production Laser Irodotomy

Question 29

What is the role of IV Mannitol in acute angle glaucoma?

Answer 29

Osmotic agent that draws fluid out of the eye

Question 30

What is the role of Pilocarpine, beta-blockers and apraclonidine in acute angle glaucoma?

Answer 30

Constrict the pupil and enhance drainage: Beta-blockers also decrease AH production

Question 31

What is Keratitis?

Answer 31

infection of the cornea

Question 32

How does herpes Keratitis present?

Answer 32

Red, swollen and painful eye

Question 33

What should be avoided in keratitis?

Answer 33

Steroids: worsen the condition

Question 34

What is seen on Fluorescein staining in herpes keratitis?

Answer 34

Dendritic pattern

Question 35

How do you treat Herpes Keratitis?

Answer 35

PO Acyclovir, Famciclovir, or Valacyclovir Topical: trifluridine and Idoxuridine