The Reign Of Henry VIII After 1529 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
How did Protestant and Catholic beliefs on purgatory differ?
A
Catholics believed your should had to be free from sin to enter heaven, and purgatory was the halfway house where you are purged of your sins. Protestants believed only faith was needed to go to heaven.
2
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs on transubstantiation differ?
A
Catholics believed in the Eucharist or mass the body and blood of Christ were present in the bread and wine. Protestants saw Eucharist as a service of remembrance.
3
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs differ on prayers for the dead?
A
Catholics believed they would help reduce purgatory, Protestants saw them as unnecessary as fail alone was needed to go to heaven.
4
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs differ on communion?
A
Catholics believed in communion in one kind where the laity received only the bread, whereas Protestants believed in communion in both kinds, where the laity received the bread and the wine.
5
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs on achieving salvation differ?
A
Catholics = salvation could be achieved through good works
Protestants = salvation could be achieved through faith
6
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs on celibacy differ?
A
Catholic = clergy couldn’t marry
Protestant = clergy could marry
7
Q
How did Catholic and Protestant beliefs on pilgrimages differ?
A
Catholic = pilgrimages upheld
Protestant = pilgrimages attacked
8
Q
What evidence suggests Henry was reluctant to break with Rome.
A
The length of time Henry spent trying to persuade the papacy to grant him a divorce suggests he was reluctant to break from Rome, supporting the view that he wasn’t against papal authority.
9
Q
How had Henry attempted to apply pressure to the Church in England to try to force his divorce and weaken attempts by the Church to resist?
A
- MPs in the 1529 Parliament attacked what they claimed where widespread abuses in the Church, allowing Henry to claim the Church needed reform
- in 1530 the Church was charged with praemunire, but this was withdrawn in 1531 on payment of fine
- in 1532 MPs asked Henry to take action against clerical abuses of their legal powers
- in 1532 the Church had to surrender the right to enact new clerical laws. The clergy agreed and voted through the Submission of the Clergy
- the Act of Restraint in Annates in 1532 banned the payment of most clerical taxes
10
Q
How did parliament abolish papal authority in England from 1534 to 1536?
A
- direct payments to Rome stopped
- Archbishop of Canterbury given the power of dispensation and exemption that had previously been the pope’s
- the pope’s role in the appointment of churchmen ended
11
Q
What and when was the Act of Supremacy?
A
1534 - recognised Henry as head of the C of E. It didn’t grant this, but confirmed the situation and said he had the god-given authority.
12
Q
What was Cromwell’s role by the end of 1534?
A
The King’s deputy, or vicegerent, in church affairs.
13
Q
Evidence that the divorce was the reason for the break and not just an opportunity for Henry’s existing wish to be supreme
A
The amount of time Henry spent trying to persuade the pope to grant the divorce. Even legislation such as the first Act of Annates was conditional, giving the pope the opportunity to grant the divorce in return for an abandonment of the break.
14
Q
Evidence that Henry wanted the wealth of the church
A
- the church was a massively wealthy institution
- the charge of praemunire had shown Henry how he could easily obtain money from the church
- Cromwell had promised to ,are him the ‘richest man in Christendom’
15
Q
Evidence gaining church wealth was a bonus and not cause of break
A
- wealth as a cause not supported by chronology, as Henry only made real gains with the dissolution of the greater monasteries in 1539
16
Q
What and when was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
A
Feb 1533 - prevents appeals to pope on religious matters. Foreign powers (pope) cannot interfere in England.
17
Q
What and when was the Act in Restraint of Annates?
A
Jan 1534 - stopped payments to Rome. Gave king right to appoint bishops.
18
Q
What and when was the Act of the Submission of the Clergy?
A
March 1534 - gives King control of Convocation (church’s parliament) and prevents church contact with Rome.
19
Q
What and when was the Act of Succession?
A
March 1534 - ends Catherine’s claim to be Henry’s wife, making Mary illegitimate. Marriage to Anne declared legal and it is treason to criticise it.
20
Q
What and when was the Dispensations Act?
A
March 1534 - stopped all payments to Rome and gave Archbishop of Cant. right to decide all legal cases that departed from church law
21
Q
What and when was the Act for First Fruit and Tenths?
A
Dec 1534 - holders of church jobs had to pass some money onto King
22
Q
What and when was the Treason Act?
A
Dec 1534 - crime to criticise the changes, marriage and succession.
23
Q
What legislation did parliament pass between 1533-34 that evidences the role of bringing about doctrinal change in the break?
A
- Act in Restraint of Appeals
- The Act in Restraint of Annates
- The Act of the Submission of the Clergy
- The Act of Succession
- The Dispensation Act
- The Act of Supremacy
- The Act for First Fruit and Tenths
- The Treason Act
24
Q
What were the four phases of religious change from 1536-47?
A
- 36-39 = swing towards reform
- 39-40 = return to more traditional, Catholic practices
- 41-43 = period of religious confusion
- 44-47 = triumph of reformed faction
25
What were the major doctrinal religious changes from 1536-39?
- 1536 Act of the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries
- 1536 Act of Ten Articles
- 1536 Royal Injunctions
- 1537 Bishop’s Book
- 1537 Matthew’s Bible
- 1538 Royal Injunctions
- 1539 publication of Great Bible
- 1539 dissolution of greater monasteries
26
What was the 1536 Act of 10 Articles?
Rejected 4 of 7 sacraments of Catholic belief, confirming only baptism, Eucharist and penance.
27
What were the 1536 Royal Injunctions?
Attacked Catholic practice of pilgrimages and encouraged religious instruction
28
What was the 1537 Bishop’s Book?
Status of priests, mass and purgatory (central Catholic issues) was kept vague - seen as reducing their importance
29
What were the 1538 Royal Injunctions?
Ordered an English bible to be present in all parishes within two years, discourage pilgrimages and ordered removal of relics.
30
Evidence from 1536-39 of traditional religious practices being preserved
- 1538 - John Lambert executed for rejecting transubstantiation
- 1539 Act of Six Articles confirmed transubstantiation and forbade communion in both kinds
31
Role of Cromwell in religious changes in 1536-39
- appointment as vicegerent in religious matters in 1535
- put pressure on bishops to agree to publication and distribution of English Bible
- issued Royal Injunctions which attacked Catholic practices
- followed up injunctions with letters to JPs ordering them to check they were being enforced
- influenced the Bishop’s Book
32
Evidence of Henry’s influence on religious policy becoming more traditional from 1539-43
- Act of Six Articles attacked some reform beliefs
- marriage to Catherine Howard, daughter of Catholic Duke of Norfolk
- 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion - restricted Bible access to upper classes
- King’s Book published 1543 - defended transubstantiation and Six Articles
33
Evidence of Henry’s influence on reform policy from 1539-43
- gave protection to Cranmer against attacks by Catholic faction
- 1543 Act for Advancement of True Religion still allowed English Bible
- King’s Book encouraged reform belief of preaching + attacking images
34
Legislative religious change from 1544-47
- introduction of English Litany to replace Latin Litany in 1544, but priests didn’t have to use it
- Act passed dissolving chantries in Dec 1545, but by the time of Henry’s death it hadn’t been enforced
35
Evidence for ambiguity in Henry’s religious stance in his final years
- appointed significant number of Protestant supporters to the regency council he established in 1546
- appointed Protestant humanist John Cheke as tutor to Edward
- on the other hand, had Anne Askew burnt for denying transubstantiation
36
Why did the reform faction triumph at the end of Henry’s reign?
- Henry too ill to sign his will, so it was authorised with a dry stamp of his signature
- the stamp was controlled by reformist Privy Chamber member John Denny, and key to will was held by reformist and Edward’s uncle John Seymour
- both ensured Regency Council contained majority reformers
37
How many monasteries had Wolsey already dissolved when he was in power?
29
38
What were the two phases of the dissolution of the monasteries?
- 1536 - dissolution of religious houses with an income under £200 a year
- dissolution of the remainder between 1539 and 1540
39
Actions taken by Cromwell to find evidence of failings of monasteries
- 1535 census of church’s wealth called Valor Ecclesiasticus
- Cromwell sent out inspectors to look at standards and behaviour in monasteries - shown to be spiritually in poor condition
40
Debate over whether it was always plan to close all monasteries?
- the Act that closed the smaller monasteries praised the larger houses - can be argued there was no plan to close them all
- however within four years, all were closed
41
Why is it that many MPs voting for the second Act of Dissolution thought they were voting for no church wealth to go to the king?
- an act was passed at the same time as the second dissolution act promising wealth from the dissolution would be used to establish colleges and new bishoprics, as well as other social benefits
- many MPs voting for the second act may have believed they were also voting for funds transferred to other uses, not the crown
42
How many religious houses were dissolved?
Over 500
43
How did the crown financially gain from the dissolution?
Crown income was doubled and re-sale value of monastic land was estimated at £1.3 million
44
Religious motives for the dissolution
- important to Cromwell - monasteries seen as upholders of traditional religion - supported purgatory by offering prayers for dead
- had been dissolved in Germany and Scandinavia and criticised by notable writes e.g. Erasmus
- owed allegiance to main house of their order = usually outside England - conflicted with English supremacy from Act of Restraint of Appeals
- many of most stringent opposers to reformation were monks, particularly Carthusians and Franciscans
45
Traditional and revised arguments for main reason of dissolution
- traditional = behaviour of monks
- revisionist - visitations exaggerated corruption and scandal so Cromwell could persuade parliament, as many people valued not only religious but social work of monasteries
46
Why was financial security becoming more important for Henry at the time of the dissolution?
- had already spent his inheritance from Henry VII on war with France
- by 1530s, England was under threat from Catholic crusade following break with Rome
- fear of invasion grew when Henry was excommunicated and Francis I and Charles V signed peace treaty in 1538
47
Why was dissolution advantageous from a financial perspective?
- many of larger monasteries had net income of over £1000 a year - often used to build fortifications on south coast
- funds would remove need for Henry to ask for parliamentary taxation - would be popular and help him gain support from those opposed to religious changes
- gave him large amount of land = could be sold for income or used as patronage/rewards for loyalty - able to buy off Catholic opposition e.g. Duke of Norfolk
48
What did a bill in 1539 promise in regards to the dissolution?
A range of benefits
49
Aftermath of the dissolution?
- some new cathedral grammar schools (Canterbury, Chester) and some colleges
- most of gains went to King and ruling elite
- many monks found jobs as priests, but significant number left in poverty
- much of money crown gained from selling lands was spent on warfare, although about half lands had been retained by Henry’s death
50
Who was Sir Thomas More and why did he oppose the Reformation? What happened to him as a result?
- didn’t agree with divorce from Catherine
- didn’t believe church should be under lay control
- supported papal authority
- resigned as Lord Chancellor
- refused to swear Oath of Supremacy
- executed
51
Who was John Fisher, why did he oppose the reformation and what happened to him as a result?
- believed in powers given to papacy, and that opposition was a mortal sin
- refused to swear oath of supremacy
- executed
52
Why did the Carthusian monks and Franciscan friars oppose the reformation, and what happened as a result?
- disagreed with break with Rome
- resisted changes
- houses were closed
- imprisoned and some executed
- others died of starvation rather than surrender
53
Why did Elizabeth Barton oppose the reformation, and what happened to her as a result?
- opposed divorce
- prophesied Henry would lose his throne
- executed
54
Why was there so little opposition to religious change from 1529-35?
- changes would have little impact on people - no doctrinal changes
- church services and mass appeared to continue as before
- possible many thought Henry would restore Pope as head of church after he got the divorce
55
What major religious changes in 1536 encouraged the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- dissolution of smaller monasteries
- Ten Articles
- Injunctions
56
How many were involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace and by how much did they outnumber the king’s forces?
- 40,000 rebels
- 5:1
57
What triggered the Pilgrimage of Grace and where did it start?
- began in Louth and spread across Lincolnshire
- gov commissioners in the county had been dissolving former monasteries but also collecting subsidy, inspecting clergy and enforcing religious changes
- rumours that commissioners were going to seize church plate and jewels
58
Who led the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- lawyer Robert Aske
59
Examples of events that incensed rebels
- in Westmoreland, a rebel army was established when the priest didn’t announce the forthcoming holy day
- rebels rose in Craven to defend Sawley Abbey
60
Strengths and successes of rebels in Pilgrimage of Grace
- able to seize York
- Lord Darcy handed over Pontefact Castle
- size of rebels far larger than army Henry sent North
61
How did Henry initially respond to the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- didn’t have enough men so played for time by sending Duke of Norfolk to negotiate
- asked rebels for their demands, which were drawn up at Pontefact and given to Norfolk
- Henry offered General pardon, parliament to discuss issues and a truce
62
How did the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace respond to Henry’s offer of pardon and truce?
- Aske insisted monasteries must not be closed before parliament met
- agreement was reached and rebels dispersed
63
How did some rebels respond to the reaching of an agreement between Aske and Henry?
- some suspicious of agreement
- led Sir Francis Bigod to raise another force in Jan 1537
64
How effective was the Bigod Revolt?
- collapsed quickly and Bigod was arrested in Cumberland
65
How did Henry respond to the Bigod revolt?
- gave Henry excuse he needed to punish rebels
- many, including gentry and nobles, rounded up and executed, including Aske and Darcy
- death toll reached 178
66
For what reasons was the Pilgrimage of Grace serious?
- rebel forces outnumbered those of King
- rebels had control of York, a major city in North
- rebels controlled Pontefact Castle, seen as gateway of south
- rebels well organised under leadership of Robert Aske
- rebellion attracted support from all classes
67
Arguments that Pilgrimage of Grace was caused by religious changes
- timing - after significant changes in 1536
- Aske claimed dissolution was the ‘greatest cause’
- rebels restored some monks to their monasteries
- in Lancashire, first risings began in areas around monasteries and they were last areas to be suppressed
- number of religious grievances in rebels demands
- monasteries important in religious life of north = often acted as religious centres
- Pilgrim Oath and Ballad from rising stressed religious elements
- rebel banner was of 5 Wounds of Christ
- rebels wanted end to Royal Supremacy and heretics to be attacked
68
Arguments that Pilgrimage of Grace wasn’t caused by religious changes
- had been poor harvests in 1535 and 1536
- enclosure an issue in areas near York and Lake District
- complaints about scale of rents and entry fines (sum of money paid on death of farmer by his heir so he could inherit land)
- taxation in peacetime due to 1534 Subsidy Act
- opposition to Statutes of Uses from gentry (tax on inheritance)
- demands included complaints against Cromwell and other advisors
- Catherine of Aragon and Mary supporters wanted to restore influence, as Cromwell dominated court, saw rebellion as only way to do this
69
What were Henry’s personal political persuasions?
- remained Catholic, particularly in attitude towards Eucharist
- gave impression that traditional religious practice still largely acceptable
70
What measures did Cromwell bring in to implement fear?
- 1534 Treason Act
- propaganda campaign, aided by new printing press, defended king’s position and denounced rebellion
- sent direct correspondences to JPs ordering them to arrest people who supported Pope
- pressure on clergymen to implement changes, backed up by visitations
71
How did Henry’s marriages paint a confusing religious picture?
- married Protestant Anne of Cleves, then Catholic Catherine Howard, then Protestant Catherine Parr
72
What do studies of wills tell us about how Protestant England was by Henry’s death?
- local country studies e.g. Gloucester
- most still Catholic in wording - testators make reference to Virgin Mary and putting their trust in salvation through Christ’s death, rather than just in God
73
How much of London does a study suggest was Protestant in 1547?
Only 20%
74
Briefly describe regional pattern in Catholicism and Protestantism
- the further north and west travelled, the fewer Protestants
75
Impacts of attacks in Catholic doctrine
- decline in numbers coming forward for ordination
- less church building
- less money left to local parish churches that before 1529
- translation of Bible to English
76
Catholic doctrine in the church in 1547
- laity = communion in one kind, priests = both kinds
- belief in transubstantiation still upheld at mass
- clergy not allowed to marry, those that had married had to send their wives away or give up their livings
- sacraments of confirmation, marriage, holy orders and extreme unction restored
- need to do good work for salvation restored, although no statement on existence of purgatory
- masses for souls of dead allowed
- laity had to make regular confessions
- paintings and statues restored (but couldn’t be worshipped) and many processions and rituals retained
77
Protestant doctrine in the church in 1547
- no monasteries
- pilgrimages to shrines and offerings to saints forbidden as only God could offer remission of sins
- services still in Latin but prayers and responses in English following 1544 Litany
- greater emphasis on preaching and sermons, Lord’s Prayer, Creed and Ten Commandments which were to be taught to children in English
- Bible published in English in 1539, but access limited until 1543
- reduced number of holy days
78
When was Cromwell arrested and executed?
- arrested June 1540 and executed the next month
79
What was Cromwell charged with when he was executed?
- treason and heresy
- those who brought charged against him claimed he was plotting to bring in a full Protestant Church
80
Why is it unlikely Cromwell was plotting to bring in a full Protestant church as he was charged?
- well aware of Henry’s aversion to this
- had witnessed punishment of those who denied transubstantiation
81
Why did Cromwell persuade Henry to marry Anne of Cleves and when did they marry?
- peace between France and Hapsburg had left England isolated - fears of Catholic crusade after Henry’s excommunication in 1538
- Cromwell convinced Henry of need to build an alliance with German Protestant princes and cement this through marriage to Anne of Cleves in 1539
82
Why was Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves a failure?
- Henry found her unattractive
- recommencement of Franco-Habsburg hostilities rendered marriage unnecessary
83
Why is it unlikely that the Cleves marriage caused Cromwell’s fall?
- soon after the marriage, Henry awarded Cromwell with the title the Earl of Essex - rare reward for someone without noble connections
- unlikely to do this if he was intending to remove Cromwell
84
Who led the Catholic faction?
- Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner
85
How did factional politics cause Cromwell’s downfall?
- Norfolk and Gardiner able to entice Henry with Norfolk’s second niece, Catherine Howard (portrayed as an innocent 19 year old)
- Henry became infatuated with her after failed Cleves marriage = increased influence of Catholic faction
- could be result of infatuation that he believed stories he was told about Cromwell and faction were able to persuade him to rush through process of Attainder to execute Cromwell
86
What was in the same day as Cromwell’s execution?
- Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard
87
Why did Catherine Howard fall?
- became bored with ageing Henry and lacked political skill to pretend she loved him
- besotted Henry didn’t notice change, but Norfolk and Gardiner’s opponents did
- Cranmer broke news to Henry of her adultery and pre-marital affairs
- Catherine and two others implicated were executed
88
Evidence that Henry had regained control after Catherine Howard’s fall
- recognised Norfolk had been loyal servant and allowed him to withdraw from court
- choice of final wife in Catherine Parr suggests he had become more realistic - she supported him through illness and helped to reunite family after divisions from divorces and executions
89
How did fall of Cromwell impact Cranmer?
- vulnerable to attack from Catholic faction having declared marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void
- accused him of being heretic and wanted him arrested
90
How did Henry deal with calls to arrest Cranmer?
- warned him of plot and gave him a ring to produce on arrest and demand to be heard by king
- then ordered Cranmer to investigate charges himself = charges dropped
91
Debate over Henry’s leadership in dealing with calls to remove Cranmer
- some say, as with Norfolk, Henry stood by a loyal servant = evidence he was in full control and couldn’t be manipulated by faction
- others say Henry could have prevented case from developing and prevented Cranmer stress of arrest = evidence Henry enjoyed embarrassing ministers + showing they were dependent on his will
92
What were Catherine Parr’s religious persuasions?
- sympathised with reformist beliefs
- May have been closer to Lutheran beliefs than law allowed
93
How did Henry deal with the Catholic faction presenting him with evidence that Catherine Parr was a heretic?
- gave accusers permission to confront her
- appears she was told, as allowed to see Henry shortly afterwards, but still terrifying for her
- won over Henry by promising to believe what he wanted
- satisfied Henry but didn’t tell her opponents
- C. Faction arrived next day to arrest Catherine, abuse from King for attempting treasonous act
94
Why did Gardiner fall and how did does this support the view that the reformist faction was in the ascendancy?
- trumped up charge on refusal to grant some of his lands to king
- minor nature of charge = suggests reformist faction gaining power
95
How did the Howard family fall?
- Norfolk’s son, Earl of Surrey, thought he had good claim to throne and out part of royal coat of arms on family emblem without permission
- Henry = ill and heir = young boy - Surrey’s action caused alarm
- Surrey executed, Norfolk arrested and would have been executed if Henry hadn’t died before signing warrant
