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The Early Tudors > The Reign Of Henry VIII After 1529 > Flashcards

The Reign Of Henry VIII After 1529 Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Henry’s later foreign policy seen as a failure? (2)

A
  • over £2 million was spent this included revenue gained from the dissolution of the monasteries.
  • caused further long term financial issues as the coinage was debased to raise further funds
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2
Q

What was the effect of debasing the coinage?

A
  • people realised the coinage was being debased and lost trust in the coinage.
    So they put up prices so they still got the same amount of silver this caused inflation.
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3
Q

What is meant by debasing coinage?

A
  • reducing the silver content in coins and re- minting (melting down) the coinage. Increasing the amount of cheaper metals inside.
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4
Q

What invasion of England did Henry VIII fear throughout the 1530s?

A
  • a catholic crusade
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5
Q

How were fears of a catholic crusade heightened?

A
  • December 1538 the Pope sent Reginald Pole to persuade Francis + Charles to lead the crusade. However this failed as each side believed that eliminating Henry would benefit the other.
  • when France + Spain recalled their London ambassadors at the start of 1539
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6
Q

What did fear over the catholic crusade drive Henry VIII to do?

A
  • marry Anne of Cleves to cement an alliance with the Lutheran princes of Germany.
    Not useful as Habsburg- Valois war continued distracting France + Spain from England
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7
Q

Why was there never a crusade against England?

A 
There was continued war between the Habsburgs and Volois families. 
Charles V ( Holy Roman Emperor - German) preoccupied with war against France + Turks.
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8
Q

How was the Auld Alliance strengthened in 1538?

A
  • by the marriage of James V and Mary of Guise.
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9
Q

What was Henry’s foreign policy aims with France?

A
  • claim the French throne or recapture some of England’s former lands.
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10
Q

What was Henry’s foreign policy aims with Scotland?

A
  • to conquer Scotland + unite the kingdoms
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11
Q

What happened when Henry planned to meet with James V in 1541?

A
  • planned to meet at York but James failed to attend.

- Henry saw this as a personal insult + it led to war in 1542.

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12
Q

Why was James V failure to meet Henry such a large problem?

A
  • Henry regarded his prestige as important + would have been angered by James treatment of him.
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13
Q

What were he long term grievances against Scotland that potentially led to war?

A
  • Scotland had long term alliances with France.
  • Scotland continued to show loyalty to France by James marrying two french princesses.
  • James had protected rebels who fled North after the Pilgrimage of Grace.
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14
Q

What was the trigger for war with Scotland?

A
  • the signing of the Anglo - Imperial alliance in 1542
  • Scots responded by undertaking a series of border raids
  • So Henry sent an army led by the Duke of Norfolk to attack the Scots.
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15
Q

What happened at Solway Moss in 1542?

A
  • November 1542 , English victory at Solway Moss + English captured many Scottish nobles
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16
Q

What happened to James V after the victory at Solway Moss?

A
  • died 10 days later , this left Mary who was a baby on the throne
17
Q

What was the aftermath of the Solway Moss victory against Scotland?

A
  • Henry proposed peace in the Treaties of Greenwich 1543 which agreed a marriage between Mary and Henry’s son Edward.
  • those captured at Solway Moss were given bribes in order to win over the Scottish nobility.
    However this policy did not work.
18
Q

Why did peace policy fail with Scotland?

A
  • Scots refused to hand over Mary + Scottish Parliament rejected the Treaties
19
Q

What happened in Scotland in 1544 and 1545?

A
  • Earl of Hertford (Seymour ) lead a series of raids on Scottish towns which were set alight. But this rough - wooing failed to win over the Scots.
  • failed also because Hertford had a lack of troops because troops were split between Scotland and France
20
Q

What was the outcome of the war against Scotland?

A
  • in retaliation, Mary was betrothed to the French Dauphin.
  • brought Scotland and France even closer together + reinforced Auld Alliance, long term issue other monarchs would face.
  • still able to launch raids across the border when England was vulnerable (still a threat)
  • lost winning position gained in 1542 at Solway Moss.
21
Q

What was the Anglo - Imperial Treaty ?

A

Treaty between England + Imperial which dragged England into the Hapsburg - Valois conflict on the side of the HRE.

22
Q

What was the Treaty of Crepy 1544?

A
  • peace treaty with France + the HRE ending the Habsburg- Valois conflict
  • this left England vulnerable in their war against France.
23
Q

what was Henry’s most significant foreign policy success with France?

A
  • led an army of 48,000 men to France + captured the city of Boulogne in 1544.
24
Q

What was the significance of Henry capturing Boulogne in 1544?

A
  • symbolic victory as it increased his prestige
  • this was more than Charles (HRE) or Francis (France) had achieved
  • increased his honour as he had achieved this without the help of an ally allowing Henry to boast of England’s military strength.
25
Q

What did the French do in 1545?

A
  • attempted French invasion of the South West of England. 200 ships were able to sail up the Solent + land a raiding party on the Isle of Wight. The French also sent soldiers to their Scottish allies + England’s security appeared to be under threat.
26
Q

What was the Treaty of Camp / Ardes ?

A
  • signed on June 1546
  • agreed that England could retain Boulogne for 7 years. France had to pay all outstanding pension payments from the French pension.
27
Q

What was the overall outcome of Henry’s foreign policy?

A
  • Henry had used up money gained from dissolution + had to find unpopular methods to raise money.
  • Henry was without allies which meant that French invasion was more threatening.
  • succession was in the hands of a minor who’s position could be exploited
28
Q

What were Henry’s successful foreign policy aims?

A
  • maintained England’s position in Europe
  • secured the border between England and Scotland
  • Improved England’s hold over Calais by capturing Boulogne

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