The Reigns of King Richard I and King John Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
What years was Richard I king between?
A
1189-1199
2
Q
What years was John king between?
A
1199-1216
3
Q
What was the name of the Empire that Richard and John controlled?
A
The Angevin Empire
4
Q
Why was Richard out of the country for the majority of his reign?
A
- Crusade wars
- Defending land in Normandy
5
Q
What happened to Richard on his way home from the crusade?
A
He was kidnapped by the Duke of Austria
6
Q
What is a crusade?
A
A religious war against muslims for the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
7
Q
Who did King John face threats from over his family land?
A
The King of France
8
Q
Why did King John fall out with the Pope?
A
The candidate for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury
9
Q
Why did the Barons rebel against King John?
A
He treated them badly and raised their taxes
10
Q
When did King John sign the Magna Carta?
A
1215
11
Q
What was the name of system that organised society into sections?
A
The Feudal System
12
Q
Who was at the top of the system and had to provide peace, protection and land for the people beneath them?
A
The King
13
Q
Who was second and third in the system?
A
Barons (second) Knights (third)
14
Q
Who is at the bottom of the system?
A
Peasants
15
Q
What was a medieval king expected to do?
A
- To be a strong ruler
- To enforce justice
- To keep the country safe from attack
16
Q
What was the principle of primogeniture and was it followed in the 12th century?
A
The eldest son inherits the title ‘King’ from his father
No, people became king for other reasons aswell
17
Q
What happened at the moment a new King was anointed with the Holy Oils?
A
He took the title of rex and was given divine authority
18
Q
What were 2 features of a King’s duties?
A
- Chief decision maker
- Showing justice and fairness in all his decisions
19
Q
What were 2 features of how a King’s authority was ritualised and displayed?
A
- The anointing of the Holy Oils
- Being crowned in front of the most important nobles and members of the clergy
20
Q
What was itinerant kingship?
A
The practice of the king and his court travelling from place to place around the country
21
Q
How did itinerant kingship help with encouraging loyalty from subjects?
A
It ensured that everyone knew he was king
22
Q
Who was King Richard I?
A
Richard was King of England between 1189-1199
He is the most well known for going on the Third Crusade
23
Q
Who was King John?
A
John was King of England from 1199-1216
He is best known for signing the Magna Carta in 1215
24
Q
Who was King Henry II?
A
The father of King Richard and King John
He died in 1189
25
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?
The mother of King Richard and King John
Eleanor was a powerful woman who owned most of the land in France
26
Who was King Phillip II of France?
The King of France between 1180-1223
He started going on crusade with King Richard and battled with King John over land in France
27
Who was William Marshall?
A very important Baron
He supported Richard in becoming King
28
Who was Pope Gregory VIII?
He was responsible for calling the Third Crusade in 1187
29
Who was Stephen Langton?
He was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205 by Pope Innocent III against King John's wishes
30
Who was Pope Innocent III?
He was responsible for putting England in an interdict and excommunicating King John
31
What does Hierarchy mean?
A way of organising society by authority levels, the most important person at the top
32
What were the four main ranks in the system?
- King
- Tenants-in-chief
- Knights
- Peasants
33
What was the King's role in the system?
He granted land and tax concessions
Provided peace, protection, law in return for loyalty and service
34
What was the tenants-in-chiefs role in the system?
They granted land and privileges for knights
Assisting and advising the government
35
What were the peasants role in the system?
They worked on the land that was owned by their Lord
36
What were 3 types of peasants in the Feudal System?
- Freeman, paid rent for their land but could move
- Villein, a peasant who was the property of their lord and
could not move
- Cottar, a peasant who held a cottage with a small piece
of land
37
What was the Royal Demesne?
The land that was kept and owned by the King
38
What were 2 features of knight service?
- To serve in the King's army for at least 2 months, they
have to provide their own resources
- To perform up to 40 days service in guarding the lord's
castle and in training
39
What were 2 features of labour service?
- They had to work for their overlords by collecting the
harvest for farming the land
- They didn't owe military service as it was the duty of their lord to protect them
40
How did forfeiture help the Feudal System function properly?
It meant if a vassal didn't perform as he promised to in his oath, then his land would be taken away
41
How was religion important in the medieval world?
Very, it was the center of most people's lives
42
What religion were the majority of people in Western Europe?
Catholic
43
Who was the Pope?
The Pope was the head of the Catholic church, as God's representative on earth
44
Did Kings in individual countries have a say over religion?
They expected to have a say in the appointment of key individuals
45
What were 2 features of how the Church was structured?
- The Archbishop of Canterbury supervised the clergy of
England
- The Bishops managed an area called a diocese and the
priests and monks in it
46
Why did the clergy have conflict of interests?
The clergy saw the pope as their supreme overlord whereas the King expected complete loyalty from them
47
When would a Pope use punishment like Interdict and Excommunication?
If they felt a serious crime had been committed against the church
48
What were the main problems peasants faced?
People struggled to provide for their families
49
What was the difference between a villein and a freeman?
A villein worked for the overlord and a freeman rented land from the overlord
50
What was the manorial state?
Villages that surrounded a manor house in which the lord of the manor lived
51
What was the purpose of the Reeve?
An official chosen from the villeins to supervise the farm work
52
How were fields organised?
Into fallows and strips
53
What was the most profitable industry in the 13th century?
Wool
54
What role did animals play in the lives of peasants?
They could be used for produce (milk) or to graze the land
55
What were 2 features of peasant housing?
- They were made of wooden strips woven together and
plastered with manure
- They lived in one room with very little furniture
56
What were 2 features of peasant labour?
- They worked from dawn until dusk
| - They used very basic equipment
57
What were 2 features of life for peasant women and children?
- Women had to take care of the house and family
- Children didn't go to school, when they were old enough
they would go to work with their father
58
What were 2 features of leisure time for peasants?
- They had days off for festivals, these were often christian
festivals
- Festivals included sports like wrestling and ale drinking
competitions
59
Which 2 forms of employment could be found in towns?
Traders and Farmers
60
What was the purpose of the town charter?
It granted freedom from the control of the local lord
61
What did London look like in the 13th century?
It was split into wards and each one had their own elected alderman who took responsibility for it
62
What were the features of the town guilds?
- Tradesman had unrestricted rights to trade in the town
| - Members had to pay entance fees and guarantee they would pay their taxes
63
What were at least 2 ways that towns played a role in the economy?
- Trade was controlled by tolls, which was when money
7had to be paid on things that were bought and sold
- To have a market stall, traders had to pay a fee to town
officials
64
What were the features of leisure time for people who lived in towns?
- They had fairs on important days in the christian calendar
| - These included selling luxury goods but also like archery
65
What were 2 features of the legal status of Jews?
- They had legal protection from the King
| - They didn't have to pay taxes
66
Why did christians not like usury?
They weren't allowed to change interest on loans, but Jews were
67
Why were there pogroms against the Jewish people during 1189-1190?
- Christians regarded money lending as unchristian
- Jews were accused of being Christ killers
- Some christians felt that the Jewish gift to the King was
an insult
68
How did Richard and John exploit the Jewish people for tax?
- They had to pay a large amount towards Richards
ransom
- John charged them £2,700 for the rights outlined in his
1201 charter
69
What was Richard known as and how did he develop that nickname?
Lionheart, he was a successful warrior
70
What 2 good reasons did Richard have for his claim to the throne?
- Richard was the oldest surviving son
| - He successfully controlled lands in France
71
What were 2 features of Richards crowning ceremony?
- He was dressed in gold from head to toe
- He took the coronation oath and promised to protect the
kingdom
72
What were 2 ways Richard secured his Kingdom so he could go one crusade?
- He appointed William Longchamp as his Chancellor
- He banned John and Geoffrey from England for 3 years
to prevent rebellion
73
What were the features of Richards character as King?
He was a great warrior but could be arrogant and selfish
74
How long was Richard in England for as King?
6 months out of 10 years
75
How did John rebel against Richard's governing of England in 1191?
- John set up his own court and collected his own taxes
| - He seized control of Nottingham and Tickhill castles
76
Why did the barons support John's rebellion?
They hated William Longchamp
77
What were the unpopular features of how John ruled as regent between 1192 and 1194?
- Heavy taxes were imposed
- John lied about Richard being dead
- John allied with King Philip II of France
78
How did Richard reassert order after his release in 1194?
He appointed Hubert Walter as justiciar who implemented a peaceful way of ruling while Richard was away
79
How is John usually portrayed?
As the worst medieval king
80
What were the reasons for John's claim to the throne in 1199?
- It was supported by important people in the country
| - He had proven himself to be a good warrior with Richard
81
Who rivalled John for the throne?
Geoffrey's son Arthur of Brittany
82
How did John secure power in 1199?
- He appointed a loyal baron to protect the worth of the
Kingdom from the threat of Scotland
- He secured the continental lands of the Empire
- He made a peace treaty with King Philip of France
83
What were the terms of the peace treaty with Philip?
- John agreed to give land to Philip
- John agreed to do homage to Philip for his lands
- Philip dropped his support for Arthurs claim to the throne
84
What happened in August 1200?
John kidnapped Arthur and imprisoned him
Arthur was then stabbed and his body dumped in a river
85
How did the Norman barons respond to this?
They moved their support to Philip
86
Why were people not loyal to King John?
He had a short temper and demonstrated cruel behaviour
87
What was King John's main focus for the first years of his reign?
Defending his lands in France
88
Why did John's reign become more and more unpopular?
- John chose 'new men' to advise him rather
than barons
- Cases could only be heard when John was
present
- John used cruel punishments
89
Why did both Richard and John tax people heavily?
They were both at war for long periods of time
90
What was Richards income between 1194 and 1198?
£25,000
91
What was John's income as King and how much did he collect in 1211?
£22,000-£25,000
£83,291 (1211)
92
Why were the values of revenues falling during the reigns of Richard and John?
Prices were rising rapidly
Debasement, people taking parts of coins and melting them down to make new ones
93
What were 2 features of how the royal demesne was made up?
- Royal hunting forests
| - Royal manor estates
94
What was the tallage tax?
It was paid by people who were residents in the royal demesne
It was only paid by peasants and townsmen
95
What were the main things that Medieval Kings could call on their subjects to make certain payments for?
Payment to ransom the king from captivity
Payment to provide a dowry for the king's oldest daughter
Wardship fines
96
What were 2 features of wardship fines?
It was paid when a baron died and his heir was under age
The King would decide where the wards lived, what education and training they would receive
97
What were forest fines?
The king could claim forest fines for people living, working, hunting and foraging on land that belonged to him
98
How could John make money by interfering in legal cases?
People would pay for him to rule in their favour
99
What was scutage?
A payment made in return for not having to fight
100
What was the 1207 tax on movables and incomes?
A tax paid by barons to King John, it was based on their goods and income
101
What was the role of sheriffs in government and finance?
They were given an amount of tax to collect from an area, anything else they collected they were allowed to keep
102
What does Crusade mean?
It is a holy war fought by Christians
103
What was the Angevin Empire?
The area of land in England and France owned by King Henry, Richard, John and Eleanor of Aquitaine
104
Where is Normandy?
The north of France
105
How did Christians in Medieval times justify a war?
- If it was named by a legitimate authority
- It had a reason for fighting
- There would be little violence
106
What were the immediate reasons for the Third Crusade?
Four Crusader states had been taken over by the Muslim leader, Saladin
107
What were the longer term reasons for the Crusaders generally?
The Holy Land was being threatened by Muslims
108
Who were the English Crusaders?
Knights and their military households
| included trainee knights
109
Which other countries fought with England on the Crusade?
France (King Philip) and Holy Roman Empire (Frederick I)
110
How many men did Richard command in total in 1191?
17,000 men
111
Why did people join the Crusade?
1. Religion- they were promised forgiveness
through and indulgence
2. Rewards- they didn't have to pay the
Saladin Tithe and had the potential of becoming wealthy
3. Responsibility- felt like they had to if other
local people were fighting
112
What attitudes did people have of Crusaders?
Supportive, can be seen by Richard's nickname, 'Lionheart'
Jews were seen as enemies of Christians, people showed support by carrying out the pogroms
113
Why were the crusaders resented by some people?
1. People had to manage land while Knights
were away
2. The Saladin Tithe was expensive and put a
financial burden on people
3. People thought the King should be present
to protect the country
114
What were Richard's reasons for going on Crusade?
1. Personal connection- his ancestor had
been the king of Jerusalem
2. Religious Devotion- believed it was the
sacred duty of good Christians
3. Personal Glory- chance to be remembered
as a great warrior and celebrated for a long
time
4.Opportunity- has a lot of wealth and power
for the Crusade, never going to be a better
time
115
Why did Richard and Philip fall out while on Crusade?
1. There was already bad feeling between
the two Kings before the left
2. Richard received a positive reception from
people in Sicily but Philip didn't
3. Richard didn't keep his promise to marry
Philip's sister Alice
4. Richard conquered Cyprus without Philip
and refused to share the wealth of the
island
116
What were the outcomes of Richard's victory at Acre?
The Muslims handed over their siege weapons and ships, and paid 200,000 gold coins
Christian prisoners were released
Saladin promised to return the fragments of Jesus' cross (True Cross) to them
117
What were the outcomes of the Battle of Arsuf?
Richard was successful and forced the Muslim army to flee the city
118
What were the reasons for Christian reluctance to capture the 'holy city' of Jerusalem?
1. Feared Saladin's Army would surround
them
2. Cut off from supplies if they moved to far
from the coast
3. The city was surrounded by a strong wall
that would be difficult to break down
4. They wouldn't be able to hold onto it even
if they did succeed in taking control
119
Why was Richard under pressure to capture Jerusalem quickly?
1. He had heard about John's rebellion in
England
2. Crusader nobles were prepared to march
on Jerusalem without Richard and didn't
want them to take the glory
120
Why did Richard not march on Jerusalem a second time?
1. Feared Saladin would cut his supply lines
to the coast if he pushed on
2. Water was scarce for his soldiers
3. He didn't believe he would be able to hold
the city
121
What happened at Jaffa between August- September 1192?
Saladin attacked Jaffa and Richard arrived and saved the city from collapse
122
Why did Richard and Jaffa come to a peace agreement in 1192?
Richard needed to return home and Saladin was ill
123
What did they agree to?
A three year truce in the fighting
The Christians would control the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa
Muslims were to remain in control of Jerusalem but Christian pilgrims would have free and safe access to Jerusalem
124
How was Richard I captured?
Richard was on his way home when he caught going through Austria
125
In what ways was the burden a demand on England?
It was a heavy financial demand as the ransom was set at 100,000 marks
126
How was the ransom eventually paid?
Eleanor of Aquitaine took charge of collecting the ransom through taxes:
A tax on Jews
Land tax on every landowner
25% tax on income and moveables
127
What did Richard achieve on his return to England?
He crushed what was left of John's revolt
Appointed Hubert Walter as the head of government
128
What did Philip II want complete control over?
He wanted to control the whole of France
129
What Empire was Richard I trying to defend?
The Angevin Empire
130
What condition was Normandy in in 1194?
It was weak after John's attack
131
Why did John swap sides to fight with Richard in 1194?
He knew he wouldn't be able to fight against Richard
132
Why was building the castle a strategic decision?
It was a defensive structure
A place where Richard could hold court
133
What were key features of its purpose?
It was built high above the town and harbour
The walls were round which meant it had no weak points
134
What was the cost of building it?
£12,000
135
How was Richard killed in 1189?
Injury in his shoulder that became infected
136
How did King John act recklessly towards Hugh de Lusignan, his vassal?
He married de Lusignan promised wife Isabelle of Angouleme
137
When and why did Philip become John's feudal overlord?
In 1200
The terms of a treaty when John became King
138
What were the consequences of John refusing to meet Philip II in Paris?
Philip declared John's lands forfeit (lost) and they went to Arthur
139
How did John have a spectacular success in Normandy in the summer of 1202?
He marched 80 miles in 48 hours and captured Arthur
140
What were the 4 big problems John faced in defending Normandy?
1. The English barons didn't want another war
2. John had to give money to allies to keep
their support
3. Poitou had a long history of resisting
control, John had to have forces there
4. Arthur was under the control of Philip and
worked with him to attack different bits of
land
141
Why did John lose Normandy in 1204?
1. John had lost the trust of the Norman
barons when he murdered Arthur, they
defected to Philip
2. John returned to England to sort problems
he was facing there
3. John didn't have enough money to pay for
a war
4. Reliant on the pope to help create a peace
treaty between him and Philip
142
Who was the Pope during King John's reign?
Pope Innocent III
143
What did interdict mean?
The withdrawal of church services from an individual or country
144
What did excommunication mean?
The exclusion of an individual from the Church and all its services
145
Why did King John fall out with the Pope?
They didn't agree on the candidate for the new Archbishop of Canterbury
146
How did John punish those that he felt were undermining his right to choose his archbishop?
He refused to allow Stephen Langton into the kingdom
He expelled Canterbury monks from their monastery
He seized the land held by Italian clergy in England
147
How were the personalities of Pope Innocent and King John similar?
They were both stubborn
148
How did the Interdict on the lives of people in England?
Blessings were not given for the dying
Sermons could only be preached in a church courtyard
Marriages could not take place in church
Christian burial was forbidden, souls wouldn't go to heaven
149
How did people adapt to life under the Interdict?
Churches coped with the Interdict by holding services outside their doors
150
How did John react to the Interdict?
He punished people he blamed for the Interdict
John seized their land and revenue using the money to come to an agreement with the Pope
151
Why did John get excommunicated in 1209?
He tried telling the church what to do and the Pope didn't like it
152
Why did the Barons have a difficult decision to make after the excommunication?
The had to decide who to follow, the Church or King John
153
What was England threatened with in 1213?
Invasion by Prince Louis of France
154
What did John have to agree to for the Interdict and excommunication to be lifted?
Stephen Langton would be allowed to come to England as Archbishop of Canterbury
Churchmen who had fled England during the quarrel were allowed to return
John had to pay the Pope £27,000
If John broke the agreement he would lose his right to appoint people to Church offices forever
155
What did John do that made him appear weak?
He surrendered the kingdoms of England and Ireland to the pope, this made him a vassal to the pope
156
What does arbitrary power mean?
Using power based in a personal whim or prejudice
157
How did John use this against his Barons?
John used their debts to increase his power over them
158
Why was there little chance of the Barons getting justice against John?
John was the king and therefore the highest authority in terms of justice
159
What were the key features of the plot against John in 1212?
Some of John’s barons were in a plot with Prince Llewelyn of Wales to kill John
John marched north to re-establish his control as King and then relaxed some of his demands for taxes
160
How did the defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in Normandy in 1214 add to the anger felt towards John?
He had charged scutage, heavy taxes and feudal fines on the barons and knights
161
What was the overall impact of his failure to regain Normandy?
John failed as a warrior
John had permanently lost the revenues from Normandy
John could not reward the Barons with land in France
The Barons plotted a rebellion against him
162
What was the Magna Carta?
A written document that outlined the limits on the King’s power
163
What were the main features of the rebellion against King John in 1215?
They confronted John at Bury St Edmunds and tried to force him to adopt the Great Charter
John initially refused and said that he would give a decision in April
John attempted to stall for more time but the Barons ran out of patience and captured London
164
Why did the Barons want Magna Carta put in place?
John’s high financial demands had put a lot of pressure on the Barons
The Barons were losing power as John was bringing in ‘new men’
John’s use of arbitrary power to treat his barons badly
165
What were John’s fears surrounding the signing of Magna Carta?
He feared that if he didn’t sign it quick enough, greater restrictions would be put on him
166
What were two features of what was included in the Magna Carta?
The English church was to be free from interference by the King
The King could not imprison, outlaw or arrest anyone unless it was done according to the law
167
What gave John the opportunity to break the agreement of Magna Carta after only three months?
The Pope declared the Magna Carta illegal because John was forced to sign it
168
Why was Prince Louis of France invited by the Barons to become King of England?
John renounced the Magna Carta
He had a distant claim to the throne of England
169
What happened during the siege of Rochester?
Rochester castle had a strong strategic position and John knew he needed it
In October he attacked it and cut off access
He destroyed it and undermined its foundations, causing it collapse
John quickly moved northand captured other castles on route
170
What were the events of Prince Louis’ invasion?
Louis landed in May 1216 and took control of Rochester castle
Next he moved onto London and then to Winchester
171
How did people respond to the death of King John in 1216?
Not many people mourned King John
172
What were the reasons for there being a problem with the succession?
Fears that the rebels would crown Louis as king
Henry was only 9 years old and needed a Lord Protector, William Marshall
173
What did William Marshall do while Protector?
He took charge of the government finances and the campaigns against the rebels
He reissued a revised version of the Magna Carta
He quickly had the young King Henry III crowned to make sure the Barons would show loyalty to him as a rightful King
174
Why was England in a poor condition by 1216?
England was in the middle of a Civil War
The kingdom was bankrupt as taxes could not be collected during the civil war
Land was captured in the north by the Scottish king and in the west by Llewelyn
