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Early Modern World > The Renaissance > Flashcards

The Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term Renaissance mean?

A
  • longing for the Classical world of Ancient Greece and Rome, with a particular emphasis on reviving languages and intellectual traditions of these civilizations
  • literary translates to rinascita or “rebirth”
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2
Q

When did the Renaissance take place?

A

-14th to 16th century

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3
Q

What is the first piece of literature published on the Renaissance and what does it say?

A
  • Jacob Burckhardt’s The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (German, 1860)
  • Argues the Renaissance started in Italy because of the political fragmentation within the region at the time and its tendency towards Republicanism
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4
Q

When is the Renaissance said to have taken place in Italy and England?

A
  • Italy ‘quattrocentro’ 1400’s (15th century) but maybe earlier
  • England: late 15th/early 16th century -possibly even 17th century
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5
Q

What does the term ‘High Renaissance’ mean?

A
  • short period of the most exceptional art in the Italian states
  • 1490-1530
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6
Q

Who is seen as being the founding father of the European Renaissance?

A

Petrarch (1304-1374)

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7
Q

What ancient work did Petrarch recite and how did he influence the Renaissance?

A
  • collected manuscripts especially from the Ancient Roman philosopher Cicero
  • called the middle ages the ‘Dark Ages’- he was ushering in a new age of light
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8
Q

Why was Florence one of the centres of the European Renaissance?

A
  • open political/social structure (Republicanism) which encouraged the patronage of artists and writers
  • by 1400s it was experiencing high levels of wealth that accommodated luxury (strong capital for banking)
  • no university (allowed a new way of thinking
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9
Q

What were the typical features of most Renaissance pieces of art?

A
  • focus on the human over the divine
  • attention to humanism/nature
  • scientific/mathematical
  • spatial depth
  • dramatic scenes
  • portraying a classical myth
  • expression of weight/force
  • pure colours
  • imitation of nature
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10
Q

What are the typical features of most Renaissance architecture?

A
  • rounded arches
  • columns
  • domes
  • elaborate classical busts and features
  • proportion is key, height of columns same to width of columns
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11
Q

How did music change during the Renaissance?

A
  • music could be printed and shared
  • sacred and secular
  • development of polyphony (chords/ intervals/ harmonies)
  • new instruments made e.g. viols(later become the violin)
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12
Q

What does Jack Goody argue in his book ‘Renaissances-The One or the Many?’

A
  • there were multiple Renaissances not just one single one
  • China and Islam had their own renaissances
  • many different cultures have at some point looked back and built on ideas from the past
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13
Q

What was the Northern Renaissance and why is it controversial?

A
  • Renaissance which took place in Burgundy and Flanders after ideas had spread from Florence
  • scholars have argued whether or not they were influenced by Florence or developed on their own (idea of multiple Renaissances)
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14
Q

What do people who challenge Burckhardts view that the Renaissance started in Italy say?

A
  • lots of material used during the Renaissance originates from the east
  • Byzantium scholars had been working on the texts used in the Renaissance for centuries previous
  • the ancient texts scholars were using were translation from arabic as arabic scholars had translated ancient texts centuries before
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15
Q

What is the definition of humanism?

A

a concern with the legacy of antiquity, so the recovery and study of Greek and Roman texts, as well as the values which they contain

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16
Q

What does the historian Hans Baron argue?

A

During the Renaissance there was a specific type of humanism called civic humanism

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17
Q

What is civic humanism?

A

-variant of Republicanism, that stresses active citizenship, and the preparation of active citizenship through a humanist education

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18
Q

What was scholasticism?

A

the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Christian Fathers and emphasizing tradition and dogma

19
Q

What did humanist scholars say was wrong with scholasticism?

A
  • inaccessibility of scholarly texts

- full of jargon

20
Q

What are the similarities between humanism and scholasticism?

A
  • both based curriculum on the several liberal arts
  • ‘trivium’: logic, grammar and rhetoric
  • ‘quadrivium’: music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy
21
Q

What are the differences between humanists and scholastics?

A
  • scholastics place more emphasise on logic whereas humanists place emphasis on rhetoric
  • humanists believe its their duty to do whats best for the common good whereas scholastics prefer to contemplate their work and knowledge and not put it to use
22
Q

Who was Erasmus?

A
  • star of the northern Renaissance

- Dutch humanist and scholar

23
Q

What does Erasmus argue in Education for a Christian Prince?

A

-in countries that are no republics and have monarchies, in order for humanists to achieve active citizenship then its their duty to offer the prince teachings and advice which will benefit the common good

24
Q

Who was Thomas More?

A

-friend of Erasmus and fellow humanist

25
Q

What does More argue in Utopia (1516)?

A

-smart people should use their talents
-use knowledge to the benefit of the greatest number of people
-

26
Q

How did More and Erasmus view the Church?

A
  • wanted to reform but not break away

- angry at the greed of priests

27
Q

Who was Machiavelli?

A

-civic humanist from Florence

28
Q

What does Machiavelli argue in The Prince (1532)?

A
  • function of a ruler is to preserve order and security

- to do this a leader must use whatever means necessary- brutality, manipulation, subterfuge

29
Q

Whats similar between More/Erasmus and Machiavelli?

A
  • both civic humanists as they use ancient works

- both attack the church

30
Q

Whats different between More/Erasmus and Machiavelli?

A
  • use different ancient sources

- different viewpoint on how these sources should be used to benefit the people

31
Q

What does Joan Kelly argue?

A
  • Renaissance didn’t lead to progress for women
  • Sexuality: medieval courtly love poetry had given women power over male suitors
  • Economic and political roles: as society gets more formalised/institutionalised women got relegated to the private sphere where men are in the public sphere
  • Cultural roles: some humanist scholars believed that women were not equal to men and believed they should be in the home
  • Ideology: women during this period were seen as being the weaker and more irrational sex
32
Q

What evidence is there against Kelly’s argument?

A
  • role of women as patrons and artists
  • women who held important political and cultural roles even publishing significant works of literature
  • many women wrote anti-misogynistic texts
33
Q

What is the definition of theology?

A

the study of the nature of God and religious belief

34
Q

What does Machiavelli mean by the term virtù?

A

-ability of a ruler to shape the world around them according to their will

35
Q

Who wrote The Praise of Folly (1511) and what does it argue?

A
  • Erasmus
  • points to the corruption of the Catholic Church and criticises a number of different practises such as the sale of indulgences and groups (theologians) for the hypocrisy and corruption within the Church
36
Q

What does Peter Burke argue?

A
  • criticises the ‘Grand Narrative’ argument (triumphalist account of Western achievement from the Greeks onwards in which Renaissance is a link in the chain which includes the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution)
  • Byzantium and Islam also revisited Greek and Roman antiquity and interacted with the Western world
  • Lack of studies done on the movement throughout Europe as a whole, too much focus on Western Europe and excludes Poland and Hungary
37
Q

How did the economy change during the Renaissance?

A

-some scholars argue Renaissance saw a shift from feudalism to more market based economies (capitalism) based on accumulation of capital, private property, and wage labour

38
Q

What are argued to be the three stages of the Islamic world ?

A
  • Islam ‘golden age’ under the Abbasid caliphate c.750-1258 where Greco-Roman learning was widespread
  • Muslim “dark ages”, c. 1000-1400:Previous unified Islamic world begins to break down and becomes more fragmented (less openness)
  • Re-emergence of golden age, 3 Islamic empires emerges, c.1300-1700 three “gunpowder empires” emerge
39
Q

How can the Mughal Empire be described as having a renaissance in the c.16?

A
  • centre of globalisation for trade
  • silk road
  • capitalism
40
Q

How can the Ottoman Empire be described as having a renaissance in the c.16?

A
  • High culture of learning: Classical Persian and Arabic learning had a similar status to Greek and Latin in renaissance Europe
  • close parallels to Europe humanism (corresponds to “Adab”): secular learning to fosters a sense of customs, civilization, manners and literacy culture
41
Q

What are the two classical Persian works that Ottoman Sultan Murad II commissioned to be translated into Turkish?

A
  • The Qabsbusnama: described the way a perfect gentleman should behave
  • Siyasatnama: described the rules of conduct for an ideal prince
42
Q

How does Peter Burke criticise the idea of the Islamic Renaissance?

A

comparison risks losing the uniqueness of the European Renaissance as well as the specifities of the early modern Islamic empires

43
Q

What is another criticism apart from Burke regarding the Islamic Renaissance?

A

An inherently Eurocentric approach: why judge all world cultures against a European standard? Evaluate societies through their own terms not based on a European model. Renaissance described the Italian Renaissance so nothing will fully compare to that

Early Modern World (6 decks)

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