The Respiratory System

Question 1

Function of respiratory system

Answer 1

Exchange of O2 and CO2

Question 2

Inhalation

Answer 2

Taking air into the lungs

Question 3

Exhalation

Answer 3

Taking air out of the lungs

Question 4

Organs: in order

Answer 4

1. Nose, nasal cavities
2. Pharynx (throat)
3. Larynx (voice box)
4. Trachea (wind pipe)
5. L and R primary bronchi
   Functions:
   -transport air
   -make air warm = core body temperature
   -make air clean
   -make air humid
   = lining the airways which is mucous membrane and secretes mucus

In lungs: 
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
.
.
.
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli (place for exchange of O2 and CO2)

Question 5

Organs: upper respiratory organs

Answer 5

Organs located in head and neck

Question 6

Lining of the airways

Answer 6

Mucus membrane
Ciliated columnar epithelium

Goblet cell which secret mucous

Question 7

Respiratory mucosa location

Answer 7

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi (all)

Question 8

Nose: nasal cavities

Answer 8

Lining: respiratory mucosa is call nasal epithelium

Nasal septum

Cartilage
Vomer bone
Ethmoid bone

Question 9

Nose septum

Answer 9

The wall between two nasal cavities

Question 10

Conchae

Answer 10

Increase surface of the nose
Line with nasal epithelium
Make more air clean, warm, and humid

Question 11

Floor of the nose is called

Answer 11

Palate

Question 12

Hard palate

Answer 12

4 bones, palatine, maxillary

Question 13

Soft palate

Answer 13

Uvula

Question 14

Paranasal sinuses:

Answer 14

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

“para” meaning around
Around the nose and open to nose

Functions: make skull lighter, voice better, participate in sense of smell

Contain air

Question 15

stops food from entering to trachea

Answer 15

Uvula

Question 16

Aspiration

Answer 16

solid or liquid in the airways

Question 17

Epiglottis

Answer 17

elastic cartilage

Function: covers glottis when swallow food or stops food from entering to trachea

Question 18

Glottis

Answer 18

space between vocal cords

Question 19

Larynx

Answer 19

Bone, 1 :
Hyoid bone, U shape and the only bone which wont make joint with other bones

Cartilages, 9 :
6 of these cartilages are small and paired (3 pairs)
3 of these cartilages are large:
1. Thyroid cartilage, Adams Apple, Hyaline cartilage
2. Epiglottis, elastic cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage, hyaline and the only cartilage
which makes a complete ring, to keep the opening of the trachea open. RR= 12-16/min

Question 20

Trachea

Answer 20

location: Mediastinum, in front of esophagus
lining: mucous membrane, smooth muscle

15-25 C shaped cartilages - stop trachea from collapsing
C shaped: with esophagus, allows food to go down

Question 21

L primary bronchus

Answer 21

1, longer, narrower, angled

Question 22

R primary bronchus

Answer 22

1, shorter, wider, straight

(right lung is more prone to aspiration)

(by gravity, when we swallow, it will go to the right side, path of least resistance)

Question 23

branches of the Trachea

Answer 23

L and R bronchus

Question 24

secondary bronchi

Answer 24

or lobar bronchi: 5
2 left side
3 right side

Question 25

tertiary bronchi

Answer 25

18, 8 left side 10 right side

Question 26

bronchioles

Answer 26

small airways with no C shape cartilages alveolar ducts alveoli

Question 27

Respiratory membrane:

Answer 27

Between air in alveoli and blood in capillary there is a wall which is called respiratory membrane. 1. wall of the alveoli 2. interstitial space 3. wall of capillaries

Question 28

what stops alveoli from collapsing?

Answer 28

surfactant: fat, decreases surface tension of water means it stop alveoli from collapsing

Question 29

alveolar cells

Answer 29

phagocytosis

Question 30

Pneumonia

Answer 30

infection of the lungs 1. viral 2. bacterial

Question 31

L lung

Answer 31

longer and narrower oblique fissure 2 lobes

Question 32

R lung

Answer 32

shorter and wider oblique fissure, horizontal or transverse fissure 3 lobes

Question 33

apex

Answer 33

most of air in apex because air is light

Question 34

base

Answer 34

more prone to collapse

Question 35

pleura

Answer 35

serous membrane called pleura Pleura: 1. visceral pleura 2. parietal pleura pleural space: a few drops of fluid for lubrication, between visceral and parietal pleura

Question 36

types of tissue in the lung

Answer 36

elastic connective tissue

Question 37

control of respiration

Answer 37

brain brainstem pons - rate and depth medulla oblongata - inspiration and expiration center

Question 38

transportation oxygen:

Answer 38

98.5% of O2 enter in to RBC's bonds to Hb: O2 + Hb = HbO2 : Oxyhemoglobin, lungs : more O2 HbO2 = O2 + Hb : Deoxyhemoglobin, tissue : less O2 Oxygenated blood: 98-100% deliverable: 25% deoxygenated blood: 75% 1.5% of O2 dissolves in water of blood plasma

Question 39

Transportation of CO2:

Answer 39

7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma 23% of CO2 enters to RBC's, Bond to Hb: CO2 + Hb = HbCO2 = carbaminohemoglobin HbCO2 = Hb + CO2 = happens in lungs and gets exhaled 70% of CO2: enters to RBC's, dissolves in the RBC's cytoplasmic water CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = carbonic acids carbonic anhydrase bonds CO2 and H2O H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Question 40

why Bicarbonate injection for CPR?

Answer 40

1. to stimulate respiratory centers in brain stem | 2. to decrease H+ : in order to decrease acidosis