the respiratory system

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

the taking in of oxygen and the removal of oxygen

Question 2

what does respiration include

Answer 2

ventilation- getting air in and out of the lungs
external respiration- gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood
transport of gases
internal respiration- exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells
cellular respiration- metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

Question 3

what is the passage of air

Answer 3

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
nearly perfectly lobbed the ball back again
- air drawn into body through nose
- passes through pharynx onto larynx, then down to trachea
- into the right and left bronchus
- air moves through each bronchus and they subdivide into secondary bronchi
- get progressively thinner and branch into bronchioles and then respiratory bronchioles
- lead into the alveoli

Question 4

what are the alveoli responsible for

Answer 4

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood, occurs via diffusion

Question 5

what is diffusion

Answer 5

movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low pressure

Question 6

structure of alveoli to help gaseous exchange

Answer 6

• one cell thick, thin walls= short diffusion pathway
• big surface area= greater oxygen uptake
• good blood supply

Question 7

what is gaseous exchange

Answer 7

movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 8

what does the greater difference in pressure mean

Answer 8

the faster the air will flow
- in order to get air into lungs(inspiration), pressure needs to be lower here than in the atmosphere
- to get air out (expiration) air pressure needs to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere

Question 9

what will increasing and decreasing the thoracic, chest cavity do

Answer 9

increase =reduce the pressure of air in the lungs
decrease= increase the pressure of air in lungs, forcing it out
- muscle contractions causes this

Question 10

what are the muscles used during inspiration at rest and during exercise

Answer 10

rest:
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
during exercise:
- Pectoralis minor
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- external intercostals
- diaphragm

Question 11

what are the muscles used in expiration at rest and during exercise

Answer 11

rest:
- passive: diaphragm and external intercostals just relax
during exercise:
- internal intercostals
- abdominals

Question 12

what happens to the ribcage and diaphragm wen inhaling and exhaling

Answer 12

inhaling:
ribcage moves upwards and outwards, diaphragm contracts and is pulled flat
exhaling:
ribcage falls, diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome-shaped position

Question 13

what is lung volumes

Answer 13

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 14

what is tidal volume

Answer 14

volume of air breathed in or out per breath
increase during exercise

Question 15

what is the formula to calculate minute ventilation

Answer 15

number of breaths (per min) x tidal volume = minute ventilation
minute volume = volume of air breathed in or out per minute
big increase during exercise

Question 16

what is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
decrease during exercise

Question 17

what is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
slight decrease during exercise

Question 18

why will exercise have an effect on these volumes

Answer 18

becuase more oxygen is required so our depth of breathing increases, meaning tidal volume increases becuase we are using more of our inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

Question 19

wht is residual volume

Answer 19

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
can never totally empty our lungs becuase there is still some air in the alveoli, bronchi, trachea as these are held open permanently by rings of cartilage
remains the same during exercise

Question 20

how can volume of air we breathe in and out be measured

Answer 20

using a spirometer

Question 21

spirometer trace

Answer 21

tidal volume is the small middle bit
expiratory is from tidal volume to residual
vital capacity is from expiratory to inspiratoy
insoiratory is from big lines from tidal volume

Question 22

when does minute ventilation change

Answer 22

more demanding the physical activity is, the more breathing increases to meet the extra oxygen demand

Question 23

gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Answer 23

partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is higher than partial pressure in capillary blood vessels
becuase oxygen has been removed by the working muscles so its concentration in the blood is lower ans therefore so its partial pressure
difference in partial pressure is concentration/diffusion gradient
bigger the gradient, faster diffusion will be
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood until the pressure is equal in both

Question 24

diffusion pathway of oxygen

Answer 24

alveoli –> blood –> muscles

Question 25

diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide

Answer 25

muscles --> blood --> alveoli

Question 26

gaseous exhange at the muscles

Answer 26

partial pressure of oxygen has to be lower at the tissues than in the blood for diffusion to occur lower partial pressure allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the muscle until equilibrium is reeached partial pressure of carbon dioxude in blood is lower than in the tissues so diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide moves into the blood to be transported to the lungs

Question 27

what are the 3 factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise

Answer 27

- neural control - chemical control - hormonal control

Question 28

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 28

breathing

Question 29

neural control

Answer 29

involves brain and nervous system works with chemical control to regulate breathing when blood acidity is high, brain is informed and send impulses through nervous system to increase breathing

Question 30

chemical control

Answer 30

blood acidity works with neural control to regulate breathing

Question 31

impact of poor lifestyle choices in respiratory system : smoking

Answer 31

- cause irritaion of the trachea and bronchi - reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by swelling and narrowing of the lungs airways - cigarette smoke damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles - cilia are damaged mucus cannot be pushed out so builds up in lung passages= smoker cough - smoking can damage alveoli as their walls break down and join together forming larger air spaces than normal - reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange - increase risk of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - affects oxygen transport as the carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen - reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, increases breathlessness during exercise

Question 32

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

prepares body for exercise increse breathing rate

Question 33

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 33

lower brathing rate

Question 34

where is the respiratory centre located

Answer 34

in the medulla oblongata controls rate and depth of brathing and uses nearul and chemical control

Question 35

what happens if there is an increase in concentration of carbon dioxude

Answer 35

stimulates respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate

Question 36

two parts in respiratory centre

Answer 36

inspiratory centre= inspiration and expiration - sends impulses via phrenic nere to inspiratory muscles to cuase them to contract expiratory centre = expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 37

inspiratory centre

Answer 37

barorecptors- detect decrease in blood pressure chemorecpetors- detect increase in blood acidity propriorecpetors- detect an increase in muscle movement stretch receptors- prevent over-inflation of lungs by sending impulses to expiratory centre

Question 38

respiratory centre

Answer 38

phrenic nerve- disaphragm and external intercostals= increase breathing rate intercostal nerve- abdominals and internal intercoastals= increase expiration

Question 39

order of neural/chemical control for insoiration

Answer 39

receptors--medulla-phrenic nerve-disphragm and external intercotals

Question 40

order of neural/chemical control for expiration

Answer 40

receptors-medulla-intercostal nerve- abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 41

hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise

Answer 41

adrenaline made in adrenal f=gland, transported in the blood and effects nervous system just before exercise brain sends impulse to the adrenal gland which pump adrenaline into the b;ood in the anticipation of increased need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. breathing rate increases in preparation for exercise and demnad to take in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide