The Retina Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the purpose of the photoreceptors?
A
Turn light in to electrical energy
2
Q
Which letter is the photoreceptor layer?
A
C
3
Q
Which letter is the nerve fibre layer
A
A
4
Q
Which letter is the tapetum?
A
D
5
Q
Which letter indicates the outer nuclei layer?
A
B
6
Q
Which is where on this photo?
Where is the choroid and vitreous ?
A
Vitreous above A
Choroid below D
7
Q
What can you see when you look at the back of the eye?
A
The tapetum and blood vessels
8
Q
The tapetum is made up of what type of cells?
These contain reflective material, in the dog this is?
Cat?
A
Polyhedral iridocytes
Dog - cysteine
Cat Riboflavin
9
Q
The retinal pigment epithelium is pigmented or non pigmented;
Over the tapetum?
The rest of the eye?
A
Tapetum- non pigmented
Rest of the eye- pigmented
10
Q
What are Stars of Winslow?
A
Dots throughout the tapetum (don’t see often in dogs, see in the cats)
End on blood vessels in the choroid
11
Q
When is the development of the tapetum done in dogs?
When does it start?
A
4months
7weeks
12
Q
How are colour dilute animals non tapetal fundus different to normal animals?
A
Colour dilute animals have lightly or non pigmented non tapetal fundus so can see choroidal vasculature
13
Q
How many layers are there in the retina?
A
10 layers
14
Q
Where do the blood vessels come from that supply the;
Outer retina?
Inner retina?
A
Outer retina is supplied by the choroid
Inner retina is supplied by the retinal vessels
15
Q
In the area centralis is this area rod or cone dense?
Where is this area?
Are there blood vessels here?
A
Cone dense
Lateral to the optic disc
No
16
Q
What is the central depression in the optic nerve called?
What is the outer elevated portion called?
A
Physiological cup
Papilla
17
Q
The optic nerve head in dogs is what colour?
Cats?
Why?
A
Dogs- White due to myelination
Cats- grey due to being unmeylinated
18
Q
What is Pseudopapilloedema?
Which breed do you often see with this?
A
When myelin extends beyond the margin of the optic disc in to the nerve fibre layer
Golden retriever
19
Q
Which species is this fundus?
What are the larger vessels?
Smaller vessels?
A
Dog
Paired arterioles and veins
Anastamosing ring
Arterioles
20
Q
What species is this fundus?
A
Dog
21
Q
What type of species and type is this a fundus of?
A
Colour dilute dog
22
Q
Which species is this?
A
Cat
23
Q
Which species is this? What type?
What are the dots on the choroid?
A
Colour dilute cat
Stars of Winslow
24
Q
What does degeneration/ atrophy of Retina cause?
A
Hyperreflectivity
25
What causes the tapetum to become hyporeflective?
Retinal detachment
Choroidal effusion
Inflammatory exudates
Neoplasia
26
What causes pigmentary changes in the tapetum?
Inflammation (in response to RPE hypertrophy)
27
Which layer is which;
Tapetum
Retina
Choroid
28
How would you describe this tapetum?
Hypo or hyper reflective?
What is the arrow pointing at?
Hyporeflective
Chorioretinitis- inflammatory cells under retina making it look greyish/ dull
29
How would you describe this retina?
| Hypo or hyper reflective?
Hyper reflective
30
In the non tapetum what does inflammation cause?
| Clumping or loss of pigment?
Loss of pigment
31
In the non tapetum what does retinal degeneration cause?
| Clumping or loss of pigment?
Clumping of pigment
32
Which one causes attenuation of blood vessels?
Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia
Degeneration conditions
33
Which one causes dilation of blood vessels?
Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia
Inflammatory conditions
34
Which one causes sausaging/ box carring of blood vessels?
Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia
Hyperviscosity syndromes
35
Which one causes perivascular cuffing of blood vessels?
Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia
Inflammatory conditions
36
Which one causes colour changed of blood vessels?
Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia
Anaemia/ lipaemia
37
What does an infundibular retinal detachment look like?
What the retina firmly attached to to cause this?
Marquee roof
Ora serrata and optic disc
38
What is happening to this retina?
Bulous retinal detachment
39
What pattern does a subretinal haemorrhage cause?
- Large, dark
- Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
- Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
- Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
Large, dark
40
What pattern does a intraretinal haemorrhage cause?
- Large, dark
- Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
- Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
- Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
41
What pattern does a superficial haemorrhage cause?
- Large, dark
- Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
- Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
- Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
Flame shaped
42
What pattern does a vitreal haemorrhage cause?
- Large, dark
- Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
- Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
- Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
Keel boat
43
What is Papilloedema?
Swelling of the optic nerve head
44
What changes to the optic nerve head does glaucoma cause?
Cupping
45
What has happened to this optic nerve?
Atrophy
46
For ERG do you dilate or constrict the pupil?
Dilate
47
In regards to an ERG which wave causes which activity;
A wave
B wave
C wave
Bipolar cell activity
Photoreceptor activity
RPE activity
Which one is not usually seen in routine protocols?
A wave - Photoreceptor activity
B wave - Bipolar cell activity
C wave - RPE activity
C wave
48
Which species do you have to be careful with IV fluorescein?
Cats- can cause anaphylaxis
49
Which area has a high density of cone cells?
Area centralis
50
Is collie eye anomaly acquired or congenital?
What is the hallmark lesion? M
Secondary complications?
How is it inherited?
Uni or bilateral?
Which breeds?
When is this best seen?
Congenital
Choroidal hypoplasia +/- coloboma of ONH or peripapillary area (around ONH)
Retinal haemorrhages and detachments
Autosomal recessive
Bilateral
Smooth collie, border collie, Shetland sheepdog, Lancashire heeler, novascotia duck tolling retriever
5-7weeks
51
What condition does this indicate?
Collie eye anomaly
Choroidal hypoplasia
52
What is happening in the optic nerve?
Optic nerve head coloboma
53
This is a colour dilute animal with what condition?
Collie eye anomaly with choroidal hypoplasia
54
Is retinal dysplasia congenital or acquired?
What does it look like histologically?
Does it affect vision? Yes no variable?
Hereditary?
Congenital
Neuro retina folded/ rosettes
Variable
Yes
55
What does this indicate?
What is the type of lesion?
Does it affect vision?
Multifocal retinal dysplasia
Rosettes
No
56
What is this condition?
Multifocal retinal dysplasia, linear form
57
What is this horse shoe shaped lesion indicating in the centre of the tapetal fundus?
What is next to it?
What is the effect on vision?
Geographic retinal dysplasia
Hyperreflectivity of the tapetum
58
Which retinal dysplasia causes a searching nystagmus?
Total retinal dysplasia
59
Canine PRA;
What is the mode of inheritance?
Breeds?
60
First sign of PRA? Why?
Maze test?
What happens to the pupils?
Rods affected first, then cones
61
Retinal Signs of PRA?
Secondary changes?
62
What is this retina a sign of?
PRA
63
How does onset of PRA differ from cats to dog?
Cats develop a lot earlier
64
What is the mode of inheritance of PRA in the cat?
Are genetic tests available?
65
What condition is here?
Which species?
PRA
Cat
Hyperreflective retina
Weedy vessels
66
what is this condition and end stage of?
PRA
No vessels left
67
Which breeds are predisposed to retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?
68
With retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy are those dogs better in low or bright light?
Close and stationary objects or moving distant objects?
Does this normally cause total blindness?
Low light
Moving distant objects
No
69
What happens to the retina in retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?
70
What is this condition?
Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy
71
What is this condition?
Advanced Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy
Note the honeycomb appearance
Still has BVs
72
Which vitamin Deficiency is linked to retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?
Genetic?
Which breed is it still seen in? Why?
Vitamin E
Yes
Cocker spaniel, low levels of serum tocopherol
73
Neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis
What does it cause?
Inheritance?
Breed?
Retinal appearance?
What does this look identical to at the end stage?
PRA
74
Canine Multifocal Retinopathy
Inheritance?
Breed?
Age see lesions? When does it stop getting worse?
Retinal changes?
Affect on vision?
Generally large breeds!
75
Retinal dystrophy in the Briard
Day or night blindness?
When can you see changed in ERG?
When do you see Ophthalmic signs?
Retinal signs?
76
Canine stargardt disease
Breed?
Vision?
Pupils?
Retinal signs?
77
In the golden retriever how many types of PRA?
4
78
Uveodermatological syndrome
Immune mediated or autoimmune?
Breed?
Age?
79
What are the clinical signs of UVD?
80
Treatment of UVD?
81
SARDS
Signs?
PLR?
Age? Sized dog?
Change in bloods?
82
Retinal changes with SARDS?
83
What other condition can look like SARDs?
Pituitary tumour
84
Test for SARDS?
Treatment?
85
Taurine deficiency retinopathy causes what changes in the retina?
Cause?
Reversible?
Other organ affected?
Hyperreflectivity
Inappropriate diet/ malabsorption
Irreversible
Heart
86
Signs of enrofloxacin toxicity in cats?
Fundus?
Irreversible retinal degeneration
87
any treatment for enrofloxacin overdose?
No
88
Uk infectious causes of Chorioretinitis?
89
Acute Chorioretinitis clinical signs?
Retinal oedema!
90
What sign does inflammation in the vitreous cause? (Hyalitis)
Haziness!
91
How can you distinguish between pigment and haemorrhage on the retina?
Green light (red free light);
Haemorrhage will turn black
Pigment will remain brown
92
What is happening with this retina?
Feline chorioretinitis
93
What are the signs of active chorioretinits v old?
Active - fuzzy lesions, hyporeflective
| Chronic - well demarcated areas, hyperreflectivity
94
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment happens how?
Which breed get a primary cause of this?
Tear/ hole in the retina then fluid enters from the vitreous then lifts off RPE
Shih Tzu
95
What are the causes of congenital retinal detachments?
96
Does systemic hypertension cause an exudative/ traction non rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
What are other causes of this?
Exudative non rhegmatogenous
Neoplasia/ chorioretinitis
97
What caused a traction non rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
Haemorrhage/ inflammation from;
Trauma
Intraocular surgery
98
What is this u/s showing?
Retinal detachment, still attached at the optic nerve head
99
Which breed of dogs get steroid responsive retinal detachment?
Can the retina re attach with steroids?
German shepherds and their crosses
Yes
100
What has happened here?
Retinal detachment the re attachment
| Notice crinkly appearance
101
Which species?
What is the difference between them?
Rabbit
Left is pigmented, right isn’t
102
Which species?
Rat (albino)
103
Which species?
What are the dots?
Horse
Star of Winslow
104
Which species?
Sheep
Vessels twist over each other
Kidney bean optic nerve head
105
What is happening here in this dogs retina?
Congenital/ acquired?
Rosettes - Multifocal retinal dysplasia
| Congenital
106
What is this?
Infundibular retinal detachment
107
What is happening in this retina?
Total retinal dysplasia
| Retina detached
108
What is happening here?
Geographical retinal dysplasia
| Look for horse shoe shape in the centre!
109
What is happening here?
Choroidal hypoplasia - collie eye anomaly!
| Look for scary tree like vessels lateral to optic disc
110
What’s happening here?
Condition?
End stage PRA
Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Mon tapetal fundus patchy
Vessels weedy
Optic nerve atrophic and flat
111
What is happening here?
Condition?
```
Vitreal haemorrhages (Keel boat)
Subretinal too (dark and large)
Intraretinal too (dots and blots)
```
Systemic hypertension
112
What BP classifies as hypertension?
The most common cause in dogs? Cats?
Does this cause chorioretinopathy more in dogs or cats?
>160mmHg
Renal disease
Cats
113
Hypertension causes dilation or construction of the retinal arteriorles?
How can retinal detachment happen?
Constriction
114
What are the ophthalmoscopic signs of hypertension?
Vessels nipping- cross over
| Alterations in calibre- thicker/ thinner
115
What’s happening in this retina
Bullous retinal detachment
| Tortuous vessels
116
What is happening here?
Bullous detachment
| Variations in calibre of vessels
117
What is happening in the centre of this?
Aneurysm
118
What is the cause of hyperviscosity syndrome?
Conditions?
Often neoplastic!
119
What does hyperviscosity syndrome cause on the eye?
120
Which breeds get a primary hyperlipidaemia?
What are the secondary causes?
121
What is the cause of the appearance of these arterioles?
Lipaemia retinalis
122
What can DM cause to the retina?
Haemorrhages and microaneurysms.
123
Choroidal melanomas are generally malignant/ benign?
Colour?
Benign
Darkly pigmented
124
Most common secondary tumour in retina?
125
B Multifocal retinal dysplasia
126
What is this?
Geographic retinal dysplasia
127
D retinal pigment epithelial dysplasia
Tan spots- lipofusion. Not present in PRA
128
Micropapilla
Optic nerve head small from birth!
Choroidal vessels empty
129
B
A haemorrhage in cats retina
C retinal oedema leaking fluid caused by high BP
D some retinal haemorrhage, retinal detachment
130
Does retinal detachment cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?
Hyporeflectivity
131
Does choroidal effusion cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?
hyporeflectivity
132
Does retinal degeneration cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?
Hypereflectivity
133
Does retinal neoplasia cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?
Hyporeflectivity
