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visual neuroscience <3 > the retina > Flashcards

the retina Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

outer coat - cornea

A

transparent b/c ordered array of collagen

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2
Q

outer coat - sclera

A

strong & white
b/c of unusual pattern of collagen

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3
Q

middle coat - aqueous humour production

A

maintains health of eye, creates intraocular pressure
Via: ciliary epithelial cells

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4
Q

middle coat - accommodation

A

focusing via ligament attachment to ciliary muscle (circular, contracts)

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5
Q

emmetropia

A

focal point on retina

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6
Q

myopia

A

short sightedness
focal point before retina

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7
Q

hypermetropia

A

long sightedness
focal point after retina

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8
Q

highest cone density - where?

A

at the fovea
size and shape is thinner at the fovea
(why we have bad periphery vision)

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9
Q

pathway of cells

A

photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells

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10
Q

outer nuclear layer

A

photoreceptors

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11
Q

inner nuclear layer
what cell types & what vision

A

horiztonal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells
spatial vision & colour vision

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12
Q

horizontal cells
(hyp or dep with light)

A

lateral inhibition via gaba
hyperpolarise with light

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13
Q

amacrine cells

A

axonless
lateral inhibition via gaba and glycine

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14
Q

ganglion cells release?

A

glutamate (fire aps)

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15
Q

lamina cribosa (optic nerve)

A

axons pass and held in spot

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16
Q

glaucoma

A

Intraocular pressure up because:
Angle Closure: aq not escaping
Open angle: too much aq production

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17
Q

photoreceptor - outer segment

A

contains photopigment
what responds to light

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18
Q

inner segment photoreceptor

A

contains mitochondria and golgi

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19
Q

synaptic terminal of a photoreceptor

A

nt release
connect with bipolar and horizontal cells

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20
Q

what are the two photopigments

A

rhodopsin and conopsin

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21
Q

what does an increase in cGMP mean

A

increased number of cyclic gmp gated channels open
na influx - dep

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22
Q

photoreceptors at night

A

depolarised because cgmp channels open
na influx continuous

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23
Q

photoreceptors during the day

A

cgmp -> gmp = channel closed
no na influx
= hyperpolarised

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24
Q

photoreceptors accumulate which nt

A

lutamate

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25
photoreceptors accumulate which nt
glutamate
26
cGMP produced by?
guancylate cyclase needs ca
27
recovery of rhodopsin
phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase allows binding of arrestin prevents binding to transducin
28
calcium
enters at night via cgmp gated and vgcc at day cgmp closed therefore vgcc closed
29
restore 11 cis retinal
via retinoid cycle Involves conversion of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol ̈ Transport of all-trans-retinol to RPE via IRBP ¤ (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein) ̈ isomerization in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (e.g., RPE65)
30
blue cones
small
31
green cones
medium
32
red cones
large
33
what two cones are most similar
m an l
34
off bipolar cells *affect from light & how*
hyperpolarise from light glutamate binds to mGluR6 -> closes TRPM1 cation channels
35
on bipolar cells *effect of light and how*
depolarise from light glutamate binds to iGluR -> opens
36
M ganglion cells (size of receptive field & what aspects of vision)
large receptive field motion detection, flicker, gross features
37
P ganglion cells
small receptive field more numerous visual acuity & colour vision
38
on bpc synapse with what type of gcs
on
39
what receptor is between bpc and gc
iGluR
40
retina doesnt just detect light: what aspect helps us see?
comparison of light / colour
41
ganglion cells: ____ firing depending on ____ spot on _____ field
different amount of firing depending on different spot on receptive field
42
what type of cells are centre surround?
ganglion cells (off or on centre)
43
central response
determined by through pathway ph - bpc - gc
44
surround response
determined by inputs from horizontal cells (modulating signal)
45
what is in the plexiform layers of the retina
synapses
46
what is in the nuclear layers of retina
cells
47
amacrine cells - location (cell body vs branch)
cell bodies - INL branch - IPL
48
what NT do amacrine cells use
gaba, glycine (some: Ach, dopamine)
49
how many cone bpc is there compared to rod
9 cone 1 rod
50
what do rod bipolar cells synapse with
amacrine cells (only)
51
circuits active at high light levels
cones signal to cone bpc
52
circuits active at low light levels
rods signal to rod bpc
53
a2 amacrine cell
critical for seeing at night depolarise when RBPC depolarised
54
what % of amacrine cells is a2
40
55
what receptor fo a2 cells have and what NT do they use
iGluR glycine
56
on off ds GC
ganglion cells that detect objects moving at all speeds *m ganglion *increased firing at preferred direction
57
starburst amacrine cells
inhibition to null direction in DS GCs via gaba (and Ach)
58
where are starburst amacrine located?
INL and GCL
59
x type GC
brightness
60
y type GC
sensitivity to movement
61
DS GC
movement in one direction
62
blue on gcs
blue green information
63
intrinsically photosensitive GC
bistratified small sparse respond to light by depolarising\ non image forming functions
64
____ ganglion cells exhibit _____opponent centre surround
midget (p) exhibit colour opponent centre surround
65
non image forming GC functions *suprachiasmatic nucleus*
circadian rhythm
66
non image forming GC functions *pretectum - midbrain*
pupil responses
67
non image forming GC functions *posterior nucleus of thalamus*
photophobia
68
non image forming GC functions *superior colliculus*
eye movement
69

visual neuroscience <3 (14 decks)

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