The Rhythms of Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep alternates between what 2 periods?

A
  • rapid-eye-movement (REM)

- non-rem (NREM)

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2
Q

The cycle between alternating REM and NREM sleep occurs how often?

A

-every 90 minutes or so

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3
Q

NREM periods are divided into how many stages?

A

-4

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4
Q

What happens in Stage 1?

A
  • brain waves become small and irregular

- state of light sleep

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5
Q

What happens in Stage 2?

A
  • brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high peaking waves (sleep spindles)
  • minor noises do not disturb
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6
Q

What happens in Stage 3?

A
  • in addition to sleep spindles, brain emits delta waves (very slow, very high peaks)
  • breathing and pulse slows
  • muscles are relaxed
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7
Q

What happens in Stage 4?

A
  • delta waves take over
  • deep sleep
  • sleep stage for sleepwalking
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8
Q

How do the stages of sleep progress?

A
  • sequence of stages takes 30-45min, then it reverses

- instead of going back to stage 1, we enter REM

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9
Q

Describe: transition into REM sleep

A
  • brain emits long bursts of rapid, somewhat irregular waves
  • heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, twitches may occur
  • skeletal muscles go limp
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10
Q

Why do some call REM sleep “paradoxical sleep”?

A

-the brain is entirely active, the body is not

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11
Q

As REM and non-REM sleep alternate through the night, what happens?

A
  • stage 3 and 4 get shorter, and may disappear

- time between REM and non-REM is highly variable between the individual and themself

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12
Q

Why is sleep beneficial to us?

A
  • repairs cells
  • rids waste
  • conserves or replenishes energy sources
  • strengthens immune system
  • recovers abilities
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13
Q

When do the effects of sleep deprivation become unbearable?

A

-around 4 or more days in a row

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14
Q

What are the effects of chronic sleep deprivation?

A
  • increased levels of stress hormone Cortisol
  • mental flexibility, creativity, and attention suffer
  • delusions and hallucinations possible
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15
Q

Define: Sleep Apnea

A
  • breathing periodically stops for a few moments in sleep, can happen unconsciously
  • a cause of daytime sleepiness
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16
Q

What are the long-term effects of sleep apnea?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • irregular heartbeat
  • shortened life expectancy
17
Q

Who is sleep apnea most likely to affect?

A
  • older males

- overweight people

18
Q

Define: Narcolepsy

A
  • irresistable and unpredictable attacks of sleep, lasting 5-30min
  • likely to fall right into REM sleep
19
Q

What are likely causes of narcolepsy?

A
  • degeneration of the hypothalamus
  • autoimmune malfunction
  • genetic abnormality
20
Q

Define: REM Behavior Disorder

A
  • muscle paralysis in REM sleep does not occur

- sleeper becomes physically active, without awareness

21
Q

What risk is increased with REM Behavior Disorder patients?

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease

- Dementia

22
Q

What are some mental benefits of sleep?

A
  • consolidation (memory stability and durability)
  • improvements in motor, perceptual, emotional memory
  • improvements in problem solving