Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History-Italy > The Rise Of Mussolini And The Creation Of A Fascist Dictatorship 1919-26 > Flashcards

The Rise Of Mussolini And The Creation Of A Fascist Dictatorship 1919-26 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the economy suffering from after ww1?

A

Debt and inflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was a mutilated victory?

A

The win wasn’t worth the amount they lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was the new prime minister of Italy in 1919?

A

Vittorio Orlando

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why was there anger within Italian society after ww1?

A

They wanted all the territory promised from the 1915 Treaty of London and the port of Fiume on the Croatian coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who were the key leaders at Versailles?

A

American president Woodrow Wilson
British and French prime ministers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Orlando forced to resign?

A

June 1919

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did D’Annunzio say about Italy after the war

A

-mutilated victory
-national shame that had disgraced 600,000 soldiers who had lost their lives in the war.
-demonstrated weakness of liberal government and lowly position in relation to other European powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who replaced Orlando?

A

Francesco Nitti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

League of Nations

A

An organisation made up of nations from across the world that was established after the First World War in an attempt to maintain world peace.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who led the protests for Italy’s entry into the war and what did he believe

A

Gabriele D’Annunzio, only war could rejuvenate Italy and help it reclaim its glorious past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Gabriele D’Annunzio do?

A

12 September 1919, took action with 2,000 men: ex-soldiers, futurists, students. Seized the contested port of Fiume without a fight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Futurists

A

Group formed by Filippo Tommaso which celebrated violence, patriotism and destruction. Believed war would bring a new, more materialistic society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gabriele D’Annunzio

A

extreme nationalist who led protests for italy’s entry into ww1. Thought war would bring a new and improved Italy. Led the occupation of Fiume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Italy’s economy post war

A

2 million unemployed (November 1919)
Inflation high
Lira collapsed in value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bienno Rosso

A

Considerable labour militancy and strikes which took place between 1919 and 1920

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What had the membership of the socialist union grown by?

A

250,000 in 1918 to 2 million in 1920

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the largest strike in September 1920

A

Over 400,000 workers taking over factories, flying the red flags of communism and black flags of anarchism over buildings for nearly 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Political reforms

A

Amount of people able to vote increased by 11 million
Achieved by new law that stated that all Italians who had served at the front and any other male over 21 could now participate in elections
Changed method of voting to proportional representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proportional representation

A

Voting system where number of representatives elected into parliament is proportional to the percentage of votes a party receives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the most critical change which weakened parliament and the liberal order even further

A

Formation of a catholic political party (PPI) in 1919, led by priest Luigi Sturzo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which party was growing with power

A

PSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happened with the psi in the 1919 election

A

They won with the greatest share of 32% . Resulted in 156 socialist deputies taking their place in parliament. (3 times what they won in the election in 1913

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which was the next biggest party after socialists in 1919 election

A

PPI, won 101 seats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fasci di combattimento

A

Group of people made up of ex soldiers who centred on street politics and violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

By June, what had the fasci di combattimento done

A

Set out a programme that was anticlerical and wanted the confiscation of church property, called for an end to the monarchy, 8 hour working day, suffrage to be extended to women and younger Italians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Black shirts

A

Identity of the entire fascist movement
Soldiers at caporetto wore black uniform which defined them as different from other soldiers. Emblem was a black flag with a white skull gripping a dagger in its teeth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Difference between squadrismo and squadristi

A

Squadrismo = organisation
Squadristi = members

28
Q

What did squadrismo believe in

A

Extreme violence

29
Q

How did the fascists do in the 1919 election

A

Poorly, won less than 5,000 votes and no seats in parliament

30
Q

Ras

A

Commanding officer who organised squads like military units

31
Q

What did members of the squadrismo carry

A

A revolver and a manganello (club)

32
Q

In the first 5 months of 1921, how many people were killed and how many wounded from fascist violence

A

200 killed
1000 wounded

33
Q

What encouraged Mussolini to take the fascist movement more definitely to the right?

A

Fascist failure in 1919 election
Middle classes
Popularity against the socialists among Italians who feared revolution

34
Q

Who won the highest vote in the election in may 1921 , what did the fascists win

A

Socialists
Fascists won 7% of vote and 35 parliamentary seats

35
Q

How many members did the PNF have by the end of 1921

A

200,000

36
Q

Who did the PNF appeal to

A

Urban middle class
Small business owners
Middle and upper class landowners in the countryside
Wealthy farmers and peasants

37
Q

What were the key aspects that United the broad band of support for the fascists

A

Strong patriotism, hatred of the socialists, weak liberal government, believe in Mussolini

38
Q

When did Nitti resign and who replaced him

A

9th June 1920, Giolitti

39
Q

What was giolittis solution to the 1920 strike

A

To seek compromise from the workers, pressure Italy’s banks to withdraw support for companies that would not negotiate with the striking workers, encourage businesses to allow working shares in their companies

40
Q

When had the strikes ended?

A

By 25 September 1920

41
Q

Who was angry that Giolitti had given in to the workers demands?

A

Middle classes,
Industrialists
Nationalists
Landowners

42
Q

What was the PCI

A

more radical members of the PSI split to form this with support from Russia.

43
Q

What was the Pact of Pacification?

A

a peace agreement officially signed by Benito Mussolini

44
Q

Who refused to lead the Fascists?

A

D’Annunzio

45
Q

Mussolini’s dual policy

A

This policy meant that he was pursuing a balancing act between the more radical and revolutionary members of the PNF (especially the RAS) and the more conservative associates of the PNF as well as other key groups such as the Liberals and the King. In other words throughout the period of 1921-1922 he was trying to win over both groups. This was crucial to his survival as leader of the PNF.

46
Q

What was the march on Rome?

A

threat by Mussolini and his followers in 1922 to take over the Italian government in a military convergence on Rome. The march forced King Victor Emmanuel III to make Mussolini prime minister. From that point on, Mussolini set about making Italy a fascist country.

47
Q

What did the king do about the march on Rome

A

Refused to sign the decree which therefore ensured fascist success

48
Q

Quadrumvirs

A

4 main leaders of fascism, Mussolini tasked with organising march on Rome

49
Q

How did Mussolini gain the trust from the Catholic Church?

A

Increasing clerical pay
Reinstating crucifixes in schools

50
Q

When was the ANI officially absorbed into the fascist party?

A

February 1923

51
Q

What did the PCI and PSI do in july 1922

A

Attempted to encourage further pressure on political system = call for 24 hour strike across Italy

52
Q

What was parliament looking like after the 1921 election?

A

A disaster for Giolitti with 123 socialists, 15 communist, 107 PPI and 35 fascist deputies

53
Q

Who were the 3 most powerful ras bosses?

A

Dino Grandi
Italo Balbo
Roberto Farinacci

54
Q

What did Mussolini have to drop and what did he actively encourage

A

Had to drop the Pact of Pacification but actively encouraged squadristi violence after being against it

55
Q

How many people joined the PNF by 1922?

A

320,000

56
Q

Who did Mussolini appoint minister of finance to gain support of conservative industrialists?

A

Alberto De’Stefani

57
Q

What was the Fascist Grand Council?

A

Rival organisation to the cabinet, discussed key polices and elevated fascist leadership to the same position as the leader ship.

58
Q

What was the Acerbo Law?

A

2/3 of the parliamentary seats would go to the party that won more than 25% of the vote. Mussolini said this would bring stability to Italy by guaranteeing a more coherent parliament

59
Q

What was the Matteotti crisis?

A

May 1924=Matteotti (PCI leader) delivers speech saying fascists only won due to use of violence = bad for fascists
June= Matteotti kidnapped as he walked towards parliament, his body was found on 16th August in a shallow grave just outside Rome.

60
Q

What was the Aventine Succession?

A

In response to Matteotti Crisis, on 13th June, 100 anti fascist deputies left parliament claiming that the government was unconstitutional so established their own parliament on the Aventine hill outside Rome. = easier for Mussolini to pass legislation through parliament

61
Q

Who and when did Mussolini appoint as the PNF secretary?

A

Farinacci in February 1925. He increased fascist membership from 600,000 to 938,000

62
Q

Palazzo Vidoni Pact

A

Established the official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy’s workers, thereby taking power from the socialist and Catholic unions

63
Q

Tito Zaniboni

A

4th August 1925 = socialist deputy was arrested for allegedly plotting to assassinate Mussolini

64
Q

New laws introduced in 1925

A
  • all journalism had to be supervised and approved by the state.
  • government has the power to sack any public employee whose actions either in or outside of their work was hostile to the PNF.
65
Q

Who was the new PNF secretary in 1926?

A

Augusto Turati (replaced Farinacci)

History-Italy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions