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History-Italy > The Rise Of Mussolini And The Creation Of A Fascist Dictatorship 1919-26 > Flashcards

The Rise Of Mussolini And The Creation Of A Fascist Dictatorship 1919-26 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the economy suffering from after ww1?

A

Debt and inflation

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2
Q

What was a mutilated victory?

A

The win wasn’t worth the amount they lost

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3
Q

Who was the new prime minister of Italy in 1919?

A

Vittorio Orlando

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4
Q

Why was there anger within Italian society after ww1?

A

They wanted all the territory promised from the 1915 Treaty of London and the port of Fiume on the Croatian coast

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5
Q

Who were the key leaders at Versailles?

A

American president Woodrow Wilson
British and French prime ministers

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6
Q

When was Orlando forced to resign?

A

June 1919

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7
Q

What did D’Annunzio say about Italy after the war

A

-mutilated victory
-national shame that had disgraced 600,000 soldiers who had lost their lives in the war.
-demonstrated weakness of liberal government and lowly position in relation to other European powers

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8
Q

Who replaced Orlando?

A

Francesco Nitti

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9
Q

League of Nations

A

An organisation made up of nations from across the world that was established after the First World War in an attempt to maintain world peace.

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10
Q

Who led the protests for Italy’s entry into the war and what did he believe

A

Gabriele D’Annunzio, only war could rejuvenate Italy and help it reclaim its glorious past

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11
Q

What did Gabriele D’Annunzio do?

A

12 September 1919, took action with 2,000 men: ex-soldiers, futurists, students. Seized the contested port of Fiume without a fight.

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12
Q

Futurists

A

Group formed by Filippo Tommaso which celebrated violence, patriotism and destruction. Believed war would bring a new, more materialistic society.

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13
Q

Gabriele D’Annunzio

A

extreme nationalist who led protests for italy’s entry into ww1. Thought war would bring a new and improved Italy. Led the occupation of Fiume

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14
Q

Italy’s economy post war

A

2 million unemployed (November 1919)
Inflation high
Lira collapsed in value

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15
Q

Bienno Rosso

A

Considerable labour militancy and strikes which took place between 1919 and 1920

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16
Q

What had the membership of the socialist union grown by?

A

250,000 in 1918 to 2 million in 1920

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17
Q

What was the largest strike in September 1920

A

Over 400,000 workers taking over factories, flying the red flags of communism and black flags of anarchism over buildings for nearly 4 weeks

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18
Q

Political reforms

A

Amount of people able to vote increased by 11 million
Achieved by new law that stated that all Italians who had served at the front and any other male over 21 could now participate in elections
Changed method of voting to proportional representation

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19
Q

Proportional representation

A

Voting system where number of representatives elected into parliament is proportional to the percentage of votes a party receives

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20
Q

What was the most critical change which weakened parliament and the liberal order even further

A

Formation of a catholic political party (PPI) in 1919, led by priest Luigi Sturzo

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21
Q

Which party was growing with power

A

PSI

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22
Q

What happened with the psi in the 1919 election

A

They won with the greatest share of 32% . Resulted in 156 socialist deputies taking their place in parliament. (3 times what they won in the election in 1913

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23
Q

Which was the next biggest party after socialists in 1919 election

A

PPI, won 101 seats

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24
Q

Fasci di combattimento

A

Group of people made up of ex soldiers who centred on street politics and violence

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25
By June, what had the fasci di combattimento done
Set out a programme that was anticlerical and wanted the confiscation of church property, called for an end to the monarchy, 8 hour working day, suffrage to be extended to women and younger Italians
26
Black shirts
Identity of the entire fascist movement Soldiers at caporetto wore black uniform which defined them as different from other soldiers. Emblem was a black flag with a white skull gripping a dagger in its teeth.
27
Difference between squadrismo and squadristi
Squadrismo = organisation Squadristi = members
28
What did squadrismo believe in
Extreme violence
29
How did the fascists do in the 1919 election
Poorly, won less than 5,000 votes and no seats in parliament
30
Ras
Commanding officer who organised squads like military units
31
What did members of the squadrismo carry
A revolver and a manganello (club)
32
In the first 5 months of 1921, how many people were killed and how many wounded from fascist violence
200 killed 1000 wounded
33
What encouraged Mussolini to take the fascist movement more definitely to the right?
Fascist failure in 1919 election Middle classes Popularity against the socialists among Italians who feared revolution
34
Who won the highest vote in the election in may 1921 , what did the fascists win
Socialists Fascists won 7% of vote and 35 parliamentary seats
35
How many members did the PNF have by the end of 1921
200,000
36
Who did the PNF appeal to
Urban middle class Small business owners Middle and upper class landowners in the countryside Wealthy farmers and peasants
37
What were the key aspects that United the broad band of support for the fascists
Strong patriotism, hatred of the socialists, weak liberal government, believe in Mussolini
38
When did Nitti resign and who replaced him
9th June 1920, Giolitti
39
What was giolittis solution to the 1920 strike
To seek compromise from the workers, pressure Italy’s banks to withdraw support for companies that would not negotiate with the striking workers, encourage businesses to allow working shares in their companies
40
When had the strikes ended?
By 25 September 1920
41
Who was angry that Giolitti had given in to the workers demands?
Middle classes, Industrialists Nationalists Landowners
42
What was the PCI
more radical members of the PSI split to form this with support from Russia.
43
What was the Pact of Pacification?
a peace agreement officially signed by Benito Mussolini
44
Who refused to lead the Fascists?
D’Annunzio
45
Mussolini’s dual policy
This policy meant that he was pursuing a balancing act between the more radical and revolutionary members of the PNF (especially the RAS) and the more conservative associates of the PNF as well as other key groups such as the Liberals and the King. In other words throughout the period of 1921-1922 he was trying to win over both groups. This was crucial to his survival as leader of the PNF.
46
What was the march on Rome?
threat by Mussolini and his followers in 1922 to take over the Italian government in a military convergence on Rome. The march forced King Victor Emmanuel III to make Mussolini prime minister. From that point on, Mussolini set about making Italy a fascist country.
47
What did the king do about the march on Rome
Refused to sign the decree which therefore ensured fascist success
48
Quadrumvirs
4 main leaders of fascism, Mussolini tasked with organising march on Rome
49
How did Mussolini gain the trust from the Catholic Church?
Increasing clerical pay Reinstating crucifixes in schools
50
When was the ANI officially absorbed into the fascist party?
February 1923
51
What did the PCI and PSI do in july 1922
Attempted to encourage further pressure on political system = call for 24 hour strike across Italy
52
What was parliament looking like after the 1921 election?
A disaster for Giolitti with 123 socialists, 15 communist, 107 PPI and 35 fascist deputies
53
Who were the 3 most powerful ras bosses?
Dino Grandi Italo Balbo Roberto Farinacci
54
What did Mussolini have to drop and what did he actively encourage
Had to drop the Pact of Pacification but actively encouraged squadristi violence after being against it
55
How many people joined the PNF by 1922?
320,000
56
Who did Mussolini appoint minister of finance to gain support of conservative industrialists?
Alberto De’Stefani
57
What was the Fascist Grand Council?
Rival organisation to the cabinet, discussed key polices and elevated fascist leadership to the same position as the leader ship.
58
What was the Acerbo Law?
2/3 of the parliamentary seats would go to the party that won more than 25% of the vote. Mussolini said this would bring stability to Italy by guaranteeing a more coherent parliament
59
What was the Matteotti crisis?
May 1924=Matteotti (PCI leader) delivers speech saying fascists only won due to use of violence = bad for fascists June= Matteotti kidnapped as he walked towards parliament, his body was found on 16th August in a shallow grave just outside Rome.
60
What was the Aventine Succession?
In response to Matteotti Crisis, on 13th June, 100 anti fascist deputies left parliament claiming that the government was unconstitutional so established their own parliament on the Aventine hill outside Rome. = easier for Mussolini to pass legislation through parliament
61
Who and when did Mussolini appoint as the PNF secretary?
Farinacci in February 1925. He increased fascist membership from 600,000 to 938,000
62
Palazzo Vidoni Pact
Established the official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy’s workers, thereby taking power from the socialist and Catholic unions
63
Tito Zaniboni
4th August 1925 = socialist deputy was arrested for allegedly plotting to assassinate Mussolini
64
New laws introduced in 1925
- all journalism had to be supervised and approved by the state. - government has the power to sack any public employee whose actions either in or outside of their work was hostile to the PNF.
65
Who was the new PNF secretary in 1926?
Augusto Turati (replaced Farinacci)

History-Italy (5 decks)

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