The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Flashcards
Name a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’ and in what year.
Frédéric Sorrieu. 1848
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, who were marching in a long train and what were they doing?
The painting shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, how was liberty portrayed? What was it holding in its hands?
Frédéric Sorrieu personified Liberty as a female figure. It holds the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, what can we see on the ground?
On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
What is absolutist?
Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, how are people identified?
In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, which two countries are leading the procession? Why?
Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, which country follows France? What is interesting about the country following France in Frédéric’s painting?
France is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag. Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, name all the countries that follow Germany.
Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
In Frédéric Sorrieu’s painting, how is fraternity potrayed?
From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.
What was the end result of the changes in Europe?
The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.
What was the difference between modern states and nation states?
The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.
What is utopian?
A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
Who gave the famous lecture ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’)?
Ernst Renan
When was France a full-fledged territorial state?
France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
What led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens?
The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
What did the revolution in France proclaim?
The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of ____(1)____ amongst the French people. The ideas of___(2)___ (___(3)___) and ___(4)___ (___(5)___) emphasised the notion of a __(6)__ community enjoying __(7)__ rights under a ___(8)___. A new French flag, the __(9)__, was chosen to replace the ____(10)____. The ____(11)____ was elected by the body of ___(12)___ and renamed the _____(13)_____. New __(14)__ were composed, __(15)__ taken and ___(16)___ commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A _______(17)_______ was put in place and it formulated ___(18)___ laws for all citizens within its territory._______(19)_______ and _(20)_were abolished and a ______(21)_______ and __(22)__ was adopted. ____(23)____ were discouraged and __(24)__, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
(1) collective identity
(2) la patrie
(3) the fatherland
(4) le citoyen
(5) the citizen
(6) united
(7) equal
(8) constitution
(9) tricolour
(10) former royal standard
(11) Estates General
(12) active citizens
(13) National Assembly
(14) hymns
(15) oaths
(16) martyrs
(17) centralised administrative system
(18) uniform
(19) Internal customs duties
(20) dues
(21) uniform system of weights
(22) measures
(23) Regional dialects
(24) French
What does la patrie and le citoyen mean?
The fatherland and the citizen
What formulated uniform laws for all citizens during french revolution?
A centralised administrative system
How and why were Jacobin clubs formed?
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of ______(1)______ began setting up ____(2)____. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the ___(3)___ which moved into __(4)__, ___(5)___, ___(6)___ and much of __(7)__ in the __(8)__. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the _____(9)_____ began to carry the idea of nationalism __(10)__.
(1) educated middle classes
(2) Jacobin clubs
(3) French armies
(4) Holland
(5) Belgium
(6) Switzerland
(7) Italy
(8) 1790s
(9) French armies
(10) abroad
Through a return to ______ Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed ________ in France.
monarchy
democracy
In order to make the whole administrative system more rational and efficient, when and what did Napoleon introduce?
The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Code –
Did away with all ___(1)___ based on __(2)__, established ___(3)___ before the (4) and secured the ____(5)____. This Code was exported to the regions under __(6)__ control.
(1) privileges
(2) birth
(3) equality
(4) law
(5) right to property
(6) French
In the ____(1)____, in ___(2)___, in ___(3)___ and ____(4)____, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions.
(1) Dutch Republic
(2) Switzerland
(3) Italy
(4) Germany
To simplify administrative divisions, Napoleon abolished the ___(1)___ and freed ___(2)___ from __(3)__ and _____(4)_____.
(1) the feudal system
(2) peasants
(3) serfdom
(4) manorial dues
In the towns too, Napoleon made changes. ___(1)___ were removed. ___(2)___ and ______(3)______ were improved. __(4)__, __(5)__, __(6)__ and _____(7)______ enjoyed a new-found freedom. ____(8)____ and _____(9)_____ of goods, in particular, began to realize that ___(10)___, _________(11)__________, and a ________(12)_________ would facilitate the ___(13)___ and exchange of ______(14)______ from one region to another.
(1) Guild restrictions
(2) Transport
(3) communication systems
(4) Peasants
(5) artisans
(6) workers
(7) new businessmen
(8) Businessmen
(9) small-scale producers
(10) uniform laws
(11) standardized weights and measures
(12) common national currency
(13) movement
(14) goods and capital
Who and how did uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency introduced by Napoleon, help?
Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
However, in the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Explain.
Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
What were the disadvantages of Napoleonic code?
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
Where were the French armies welcomed as harbingers of liberty?
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
When did Napoleon invade Italy?
1797
When was the fall of Napoleon?
1814-1815
What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into ___(1)___, __(2)__ and __(3)__ whose rulers had their autonomous territories
(1) kingdoms
(2) duchies
(3) cantons
Eastern and Central Europe were under ______(1)______ within the territories of which lived __(2)__ peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a ____(3)____ or a ____(4)____. Often, they even spoke ___(5)___ languages and belonged to different __(6)__ groups.
(1) autocratic monarchies
(2) diverse
(3) collective identity
(4) common culture
(5) different
(6) ethnic
The Habsburg Empire ruled over _________.
Austria-Hungary
The Hapsburg Empire included the Alpine region- the __(1)__, __(2)__ and the ___(3)___.
(1) Tyrol
(2) Austria
(3) Sudetenland
In Bohemia, what was different about the aristocracy?
In Bohemia, the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
What were the Italian speaking provinces in the Hapsburg Empire?
The Italian-speaking provinces were Lombardy and Venetia
In Hungary, half of the population spoke __(1)__ while the other half spoke _____(2)______.
Magyar
a variety of dialects
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke _____.
Polish
In the Habsburg empire, there lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject __(1)__ peoples – ___(2)___ and __(3)__ to the north, __(4)__ in Carniola, __(5)__ to the south, and __(6)__ to the east in ___(7)___.
(1) peasant
(2) Bohemians
(3) Slovaks
(4) Slovenes
(5) Croats
(6) Roumans
(7) Transylvania
In the Habsburg Empire, which region consisted of Tyrol?
Alpine regions
In the Habsburg Empire, in which region was the aristocracy predominantly German speaking?
Bohemia
In the Habsburg Empire, which language did people in Lombardy speak?
Italian
In the Habsburg Empire, which language did people in Venetia speak?
Italian
In the Habsburg Empire, which region’s half population spoke Magyar?
Hungary
In the Habsburg Empire, which region spoke Polish?
Galicia
In the boundaries of the Habsburg Empire, what regions were to the north?
Bohemians and Slovaks
In the boundaries of the Habsburg Empire, which place was in Carniola?
Slovenes
In the boundaries of the Habsburg Empire, which place was to the south?
Croats
In the boundaries of the Habsburg Empire, where were the Roumans located?
Roumans where in the east in Transylvania
Which class was the dominant class during nationalism in Europe?
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent
How were the rich dominant class united?
- The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
- They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.
- They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
- Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
Were the rich dominant class more populated than the peasantry?
The powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by __(1)__ and ___(2)___, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterized by ___(3)___ which were cultivated by (4).
(1) tenants
(2) small owners
(3) vast estates
(4) serfs
In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of ____(1)____ and __(2)__ meant the growth of __(3)__ and the emergence of ___(4)___ classes whose existence was based on production for the __(5)__.
(1) industrial production
(2) trade
(3) towns
(4) commercial
(5) market
When did industrialization begin in England?
Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century.
When did industrialization begin in France and parts of the German states?
In France and parts of the German states industrialization occurred only during the nineteenth century
What changes did industrialization bring in?
Due to industrialization, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
Where did industrialization begin first (western/eastern europe)?
Industrialization began first in the western and central Europe. in eastern Europe, it only started till the late nineteenth centaury.
Which social group got the ideas of national unity and what other ideas did it lead to?
It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Ideas of national unity were closely allied to the ideology of ________.
liberalism
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root ____, meaning ___.
liber
free
What did liberalism stand for the new middle class?
For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century
liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
What did liberalism stand for politically?
Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent
What concept did the 19th century liberals stress on?
Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
Did equality before law, during nationalism, also stand for universal suffrage?
Equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political right.
When did, all men, property and non propertied men, get the right to vote?
Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.
Did the Napoleonic code grant universal suffrage?
The Napoleonic Code limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
What did liberalism stand for in the economic sphere?
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
During 1833, what would a merchant suffer, if it had to travel from Hamburg to Nuremburg to sell his goods?
Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them. Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved time-consuming calculation. The measure of cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length. An elle of textile material bought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.
What was the measure of cloth in Germany 1833?
Elle
Match the following
An elle of textile material bought in
Frankfurt 65.6 cm
Mainz 53.5 cm.
Nuremberg 54.7 cm
Freiburg 55.1 cm
Frankfurt -> 54.7 cm
Mainz -> 55.1 cm
Nuremberg -> 65.6 cm
Freiburg -> 53.5 cm
Each region had its own system of weights and measures. What problems did this create and what were people’s demand for this?
As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved time-consuming calculation. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
Each region had its own system of weights and measures. When, who, where and what change was brought for this?
In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
Who were benefited by the customs union? What is another name for customs union?
This helped in the economic development and traders, merchants, etc were benefited. Zollverein.
Customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of _____ and joined by most of the _________.
Prussia
German states
When was Napoleon defeated?
1815
What did the conservatives believe?
Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved.
Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. What did they rather believe?
Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
- Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.
- It could make state power more effective and strong.
- A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
What all powers had defeated Napoleon?
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon.
What happened in 1815 by the powers that had defeated Napoleon?
n 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates. drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
Treaty of Vienna resulted in many changes. The ____(1)____ which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and __(2)__ lost the territories it had annexed under ___(3)___. A series of states were set up on the ___(4)___ of __(5)__ to ______(6)______. Thus the kingdom of the ___(7)___, which included __(8)__, was set up in the north and __(9)__ was added to ___(10)___ in the south. __(11)__ was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while __(12)__ was given control of northern Italy. But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left ___(13)___. In the east, Russia was given part of __(14)__ while __(15)__ was given a portion of Saxony.
(1) Bourbon dynasty
(2) France
(3) Napoleon
(4) boundaries
(5) France
(6) French expansion in future
(7) Netherlands
(8) Belgium
(9) Genoa
(10) Piedmont
(11) Prussia
(12) Austria
(13) untouched
(14) Poland
(15) Prussia
In the Treaty of Vienna, which region, which had initially lost power, was restored?
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.
In the Treaty of Vienna, why were a series of states set up on the boundaries of France?
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
In the Treaty of Vienna, where was kingdom of the Netherlands placed on the boundaries?
North
In the Treaty of Vienna, to which was Genoa added and where was it set up on the French border?
Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south
