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Psychology - IN FOCUS Gender > The role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender > Flashcards

The role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender Flashcards

1
Q

What are chromosomes made from?

A

DNA

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2
Q

Genes are short sections of what?

A

DNA

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3
Q

Genes are short sections of DNA that determine…

A

the characteristics of a living thing

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

46

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5
Q

There are __ chromosomes in the human body that are arranged into __ pairs

A

46, 23

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6
Q

How are the 46 chromosomes in the human body arrange?

A

Into 23 pairs

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7
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines biological sex?

A

The last

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8
Q

What is the chromosomal structure for females?

A

XX

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9
Q

What is the chromosomal structure for males?

A

XY

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10
Q

Why are the chromosomal structures for biological sex named XX and XY?

A

Because of how they appear when viewed under a microscope

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11
Q

All normal egg cells produced by a human ovary have an _ chromosome

A

X

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12
Q

Which chromosome is carried by sperm?

A

Either an X or Y

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13
Q

What is a baby’s sex determined by?

A

The sperm that fertilises the egg cell

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14
Q

The baby will be female if the fertilising sperm carries an _ chromosome

A

X

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15
Q

The baby will be male if the fertilising sperm carries a _ chromosome

A

Y

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16
Q

What gene does the Y chromosome carry?

A

A gene called the ‘sex-determining region Y’ or ‘SRY’ for short

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17
Q

What is SRY short for?

A

Sex-determining region Y

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18
Q

What does the SRY gene cause?

A

Testes to develop in an XY embryo that produce androgens - male sex hormones

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19
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

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20
Q

If testes develop in an XY embryo, what do these produce?

A

Androgens

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21
Q

True/False: All babies follow the same basic pattern of XX or XY chromosomes

A

False, e.g. in cases such as Turners

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22
Q

What initially determine a person’s sex?

A

Chromosomes

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23
Q

Although chromosomes initially determine a person’s sex, most gender development actually comes about through the influence of…

A

hormones

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24
Q

Prenatally in the womb, ________ act upon brain development and cause development of reproductive organs

A

hormones

25
Q

Where do hormones act upon brain development and cause development of reproductive organs?

A

Prenatally in the womb

26
Q

At puberty, during adolescence, a burst of what triggers the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Hormonal activity

27
Q

When does a burst of hormonal activity trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

At puberty, during adolescence

28
Q

True/False: Pubic hair is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic

A

True

29
Q

True/False: Males and females produce many of the same hormones

A

True

30
Q

Males and females produce many of the same hormones but in…

A

different concentrations

31
Q

Of primary importance in male development are a number of hormones called what?

A

Androgens

32
Q

What is the most widely known androgen?

A

Testosterone

33
Q

Of primary importance in male/female development are a number of hormones called androgens, most widely known of which is testosterone

A

male

34
Q

True/False: Testosterone is present in small quantities in women

A

True

35
Q

Testosterone is a male/female hormone

A

male

36
Q

Which hormone controls the development of male sex organs during foetal development?a

A

Testosterone

37
Q

What happens if a genetic male produces no testosterone during foetal development?

A

No male sex organs appear

38
Q

What happens if a genetic female produces high levels of testosterone during foetal development?

A

Male sex organs may appear

39
Q

According to evolutionary explanation, high levels of testosterone are also linked to aggression because…

A

it is adaptive

40
Q

According to evolutionary explanation, aggression towards rivals allows males to do what?

A

Compete for the opportunity to mate with a fertile female

41
Q

According to evolutionary explanation, the fact that women tend children means that men are more likely to take on what role?

A

The hunter role

42
Q

According to evolutionary explanation, the fact that women tend children means that men are more likely to take on the hunter role, and their success would be enhanced by…

A

aggressiveness

43
Q

True/False: Evidence supports the role of sex hormones in gender development even in mature males

A

True

44
Q

Who was the link between increased testosterone and sexual behaviour confirmed by?

A

Christina Wang et al. (2000)

45
Q

Male hypogonadism

A

A condition caused by a man’s testes failing to produce normal levels of the male sex hormone, testosterone

46
Q

What did Wang et al. (2000) do?

A

Gave 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days

47
Q

Who gave 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days?

A

Wang et al. (2000)

48
Q

Wang et al. (2000) gave ___ hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days

A

227

49
Q

Wang et al. (2000) gave 227 ___________ men testosterone therapy for 180 days

A

hypogonadal

50
Q

Wang et al. (2000) gave 227 hypogonadal men _________ therapy for 180 days

A

testosterone

51
Q

Wang et al. (2000) gave 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for ___ days

A

180

52
Q

Give 2 examples of things that Wang et al. (2000) monitored when giving 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days

A

Any 2 from changes in body shape, muscle strength, sexual function and libido

53
Q

Wang et al. (2000) found that testosterone replacement improved what in their sample?

A

Sexual function, libido and mood and significant increases in muscle strength

54
Q

Wang et al. (2000)’s study into testosterone therapy for hypogonadal men shows that testosterone exerts a powerful and direct influence on which two things?

A

Male sexual arousal as well as physical development in adulthood

55
Q

Daryl O’Connor et al. (2004)’s evidence for the effect of testosterone is more/less convincing

A

less

56
Q

What kind of study did O’Connor et al. (2004) conduct?

A

A double-blind placebo study

57
Q

What did O’Connor et al. (2004) do?

A

Increased testosterone levels in healthy young men

58
Q

What did O’Connor et al. (2004) find from increasing testosterone levels in healthy young men?

A

There were no significant increases in the interactional (ie. frequency of sexual intercourse) or non-interactional (i.e. sex drive) components of sexual behaviour in participants

59
Q

Notably, the men in O’Connor et al. (2004)’s study experienced what kind of change in their aggression or anger levels during the investigation?

A

No change

Psychology - IN FOCUS Gender (2 decks)

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