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History Russia > The Rule of Nicholas II 1894-1905 > Flashcards

The Rule of Nicholas II 1894-1905 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the majority ethnic group in Russia (1897 census)?

A

Russian: 55.6 million

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2
Q

What were the three predominant minorities in Russia? (1897 census)

A

Ukrainian: 22.4 million
Polish: 7.9 million
White Russian: 5.8 million

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3
Q

When was serfdom abolished in Russia ?

A

1861

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4
Q

What percentage of Russians were peasants? (1897)

A

82%

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5
Q

What percentage of the Russian population were workers ? (1897)

A

4%

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6
Q

What percentage of the Russian population were upper class and ruling class ?

A

12% - upper class
0.5% - ruling class

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7
Q

What did the Tsar claim to be in the Russian census of 1897 ?

A

Landowner of all of Russia

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8
Q

What were the problems of the workers under Alexander III?

A

Poor working conditions and heavily suppressed

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9
Q

What were the problems of the peasants under Alexander III?

A

South was overcrowded and they had a lack of education and equipment

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10
Q

How did the Tsar benefit from the class system?

A

•Lower chance of revolt
•Elevate his position and myth of the Tsar
•Keep those influential close to him

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11
Q

What is the definition of autocracy?

A

Someone with a birth claim that they are a rightful ruler

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12
Q

What is the definition of dictatorship?

A

Dictatorship is someone persuading and working their way up to being a ruler

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13
Q

Autocracy - What are the three bodies the Tsar appointed ?

A

•The Imperial Council
•The Cabinet of Ministers
•The Senate

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14
Q

What are the three bodies of “For Faith, Tsar & Fatherland”?

A

Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy

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15
Q

When did Nicholas I introduce “For Faith, Tsar & Fatherland”?

A

1833

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16
Q

Nationality - What was the Tsar obliged to do with nationalities?

A

Promote and preserve the superior Russian national identity

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17
Q

Orthodoxy- How was the Tsar related to God ?

A

He was an agent of God and upholder of faith and he acted as the father and the Russian population were his children

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18
Q

When was the start and end of Alexander II’s reign?

A

1855-1881

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19
Q

What did Alexander II achieve during his reign ?

A

•Extension of railways
•Emancipation of serfs

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20
Q

When was the start and end of Alexander III’s reign?

A

1881-1894

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21
Q

What did Alexander III achieve during his reign ?

A

He adopted Russification of national minorities and persecuted non-orthodox religious groups

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22
Q

When did Nicholas II become King ?

A

13th May 1896

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23
Q

What was the distressing event that occurred on Nicholas II’s coronation?

A

In NW Moscow the Kodhnyka field was chosen to accommodate 30,000 people to receive free beer and sausages however 500,000 people showed up and 1,300 died

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24
Q

How did Sergei Witte modernise Russia ?

A

•Hired foreign experts
•Direct investment in industrial projects
•Foreign investment negotiated
•Increase in indirect taxes

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25
Q

What was Russification ?

A

Imposing Russian culture on minorities such as harassing churches and imposing Russian language

26
Q

When was the rouble put on the Gold Standard by Sergei Witte?

A

1897

27
Q

What happened when the Armenian Church was banned ?

A

Troops opened fire on a crowd killing 10 and wounding 70

28
Q

Why was Russification seen as counter-productive ?

A

It was aimed to halt the growth of nationalist movements but it led to resentment in these groups

29
Q

What were restrictions were put on Jews in Russia?

A

Higher education was limited and they were banned from living in rural areas forcing them into towns and villages

30
Q

What was the role of The Okhrana?

A

•censored newspapers
•repressed ideologies
•infiltrate and destroy uprisings

31
Q

How many Okhrana were there in 1900?

A

2,500 and 1/5 were staged in St Petersburg

32
Q

When was the Okhrana established?

A

1880

33
Q

What was the problem of Okhrana?

A

Many were converted and became double agents leading to the assassinations of Plevhe and Stolypin

34
Q

Who was Sergei Zubatov?

A

In 1895 he was appointed as Head of the Moscow Okhrana

35
Q

What did Sergei Zubatov introduce?

A

Modern methods of detection including photo registration and a flying squad

36
Q

What was a Zemstvo?

A

A local council in the countryside set up under Alexander in 1861

37
Q

What newspaper did Lenin and Martin write ?

A

Iskra (Spark)

38
Q

What was the argument between Lenin and Martov?

A

Lenin wanted an exclusive approach whereas Martov wanted an inclusive approach to the party

39
Q

What was the result of Lenin and Martov’s argument ?

A

They had a vote in 1903 where Lenin won a majority (Bolshevik) and Martov got a minority (Menshevik)

40
Q

What were the aims of the Popularists?

A

A constitutional monarchy or overthrow and were seen as terrorists

41
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Popularists ?

A

Focused on the peasants but they didn’t care and was very vague

42
Q

Who were the Popularists ?

A

A group of middle and upper class idealists set up in 1870s

43
Q

What were the aims of the SRs?

A

A complete overthrow and wanted to work with other parties

44
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the SRs?

A

Focused on everyone but particularly the peasants however there is a split in 1906

45
Q

Who were the SRs?

A

A group set up in 1902 led by Victor Chernov and was an offshoot of the Populist movement

46
Q

What were the aims of the SDs?

A

A complete overthrow and was the first communist party of Russia

47
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the SDs?

A

Focused on the working class and encouraged trade unions but it was theoretical and divided leadership

48
Q

Who were the SDs?

A

A group of intelligentsia in 1898 focused on Marxist theory

49
Q

When was the Communist Manifesto published ?

A

1848

50
Q

What are the Lumbenproletariat?

A

Outcasts of society such as beggars, criminals and prostitutes

51
Q

What are the Proletariat?

A

The wage labourers and sell their workforce

52
Q

What are the bourgeoisie ?

A

The owners of the workers and buy the labour

53
Q

What were the ideas of Liberal oppositions ?

A

•reform rather than violence
•parliamentary democracy
•national zemstvo

54
Q

What methods did Liberal oppositions use?

A

Pre-existing ones such as Zemstvo and newspapers

55
Q

What is another name for the League of Liberation ?

A

Union of Unions

56
Q

When was the League of Liberation set up?

A

January 1904

57
Q

What were the aims of the League of Liberation ?

A

Replace absolutism with a constitutional monarchy

58
Q

Who were two leading members of the League of Liberation?

A

Peter Struve and Pavel Milyukov

59
Q

When was the three -point plan adopted by the League of Liberation?

A

October 1904

60
Q

What were the three points in the plan adopted by the League of Liberation?

A

•Persuade the Zemstvos to ask for a constitutional monarchy
•Stage a series of banquets pushing ideals
•Support the formation of unions

History Russia (4 decks)

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