The Search For Better Health

Question 1

Discuss the difficulties of defining the terms “health” and “disease”

Answer 1

Health; “State of physical, social and mental wellbeing, not just absence of disease” WHO

Hard to achieve all 3 areas at once, different opinions about what is healthy

Disease: “Condition adversely affecting normal functioning of any part of living thing”

Broad, conditions not normally classed as disease (pregnancy, broken arm)

Question 2

Use available evidence to analyse the links between gene expression and maintenance and repair of body systems

Answer 2

Gene expression; Cell ‘switched on’ and DNA code converted to polypeptides controlling structure and function of cell

Expressed as should be→ cell functions normally, tissues maintained and repaired

Polypeptides make up proteins; some responsible for mitosis and cell cycle, or replace damaged cells

Effective gene expression needed for ongoing maintenance/repair of tissue→ if altered mutations and cells can’t function

Tumour suppressor gene→ limits cell division, encourages cell death of too many cells

BRCA1 gene→ Codes for proteins repairing PTEN gene,

PTEN gene→ limits cell divisions, encourages cell death; regulates cell cycle, prevents excessive cell production

Question 3

Outline how the function of genes, mitosis, cell differentiation and specialisation assist in the maintenance of health

Answer 3

Cell differentiation→ Cells mature, take on different structural features to suit for specific function

Cell specialisation→ Specific genes ‘switched on’ → perform particular body function

Enable cells to work together to carry out coordinated complex functions to maintain, repair tissue

Genes control production of polypeptides (make up cell proteins)→ responsible for cell growth, repair

Gene malfunction→ cells can’t function, onset of disease

Mitosis; cell division→ growth, repair damaged tissues, worn out cells→ can cause mutations; uncontrolled production of cells, prevents cell death

Mutations→ tumour suppression genes halt protein production

Disruption of cell cycle; uncontrolled cell replication→ cells don’t differentiate; forms tumours

Question 4

OVER 3000 YEARS AGO THE CHINESE AND HEBREWS WERE ADVOCATING CLEANLINESS IN FOOD, WATER AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

Answer 4

People of Mesopotamia
Drains→ carry away waste
Aware of insects carrying disease, isolated the sick

Egyptians
Performed surgery and had over 700 drugs
Specific rules for cleanliness→ house cleaning, frequent bathing, pure water

Chinese
Personal hygiene and classified diseases
Immunity→ if exposed to tissue of person with smallpox→ gain protection against more infection

Hebrews
Personal hygiene by washing and keeping clean
Water supplies kept clean, free of wastes, dead animals and people
Isolated sick and burnt used bandages

Question 5

Distinguish between infectious and noninfectious diseases

Answer 5

Infectious; disease caused by organism, infectious agent→ Ebola, Zika

Non-infectious; not caused by pathogen, can’t be passed on→ Down Syndrome, lung cancer

Question 6

Identify data sources, plan and choose equipment or resources to perform a first hand investigation to identify microbes in food or in water

Answer 6

Petri dish; innoculate bacterial colonies (e-coli) wipe in cultivated agar plate, attach antibiotic; seal

Heat, observe next day how much bacteria grown→ antibiotic with least bacteria (effective)

Question 7

Explain why cleanliness in food, water and personal hygiene assist in control of diseases

HYGIENE

Answer 7

Hygiene→ decreases spread and growth of pathogens→ controls spread of disease

PERSONAL
Keep body and openings clean→ reduce risk of pathogens entering

Wash hands with soap before eating, after using toilet→ prevents spread of disease

Body, hair, teeth regularly cleaned→ prevent buildup of bacteria

Cough or sneeze into handkerchief→ prevents airborne droplets spreading

COMMUNITY
Sewerage, garbage disposal→ reduces increase of pathogens

Sterilisation, disinfection of equipment in hospitals, dentists→ reduces pathogen spread

City planning– reduces overcrowding→ reduce transmission of disease through pop

Question 8

Explain why cleanliness in food, water and personal hygiene assist in control of diseases

CLEANLINESS IN FOOD

Answer 8

Pathogens transferred from person to person, or environment to person via food

Increased incidence of foodborne disease→ due to eating out on regular basis, consume takeaway

Guidelines; hair tied back, cuts covered, hands washed, utensils washed, raw veg washed, meat cooked thoroughly, food covered before stored

Question 9

Explain why cleanliness in food, water and personal hygiene assist in control of diseases

CLEANLINESS IN WATER

Answer 9

Domestic water→ comply with strict standards and guidelines

Water contaminated with faces→ could contain unsafe pathogens

Treatment→ destroys pathogens and multiplication→ reduce transmission

Question 10

Gather, process and analyse info from secondary sources to describe ways in which drinking water can be treated and use available evidence to explain how these methods reduce the risk of infection from pathogens

Answer 10

Water treated before distribution→ ensure no health risk

Coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration→ remove matter harbouring pathogens, disinfect

Testing to ensure water meets guidelines
Water should be clear→ virtually colour free

Tested; bacteria associated with faecal contamination→ killed by chlorine

Cryptosporidium, Giardia→ may infect animals in intestines; in water through faces or animal carcass

Chlorine→ added to water to kill pathogens
Fluorine→ added to tap water to help dental health

Question 11

Identify the conditions under which an organisms is described as a pathogen

Answer 11

Any organism or infectious agent living in another organism and causing disease

Microorganisms can become one if not in normal location (E.g. good bacteria on skin if enters blood)

Methods of infectious transmission

• Person to person; (blood→ HIV, Ebola)
• Environment to person (common cold)
• Vector; person to person via organism (Zika)

Question 12

DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE WORK OF PASTEUR AND KOCH AND OTHER SCIENTISTS STIMULATED THE SEARCH FOR MICROBES AS CAUSES OF DISEASE

Answer 12

19th century→ revolution in microbiology (pasteur and Koch) → previously spontaneous generation

P disproved theory; germ theory→ all germs cause disease, microorganisms come from pre- existing

Koch→ all disease caused by specific microorganism

Question 13

Describe the contribution of Pasteur and Koch to our understanding of infectious diseases

PASTEUR

Answer 13

Discovered microorganisms were cause of beer, wine spoilage→ Heat them to kill (pasteurisation)

Discovered rotting food due to living organism, (refuted spontaneous generation) proposed germ theory of disease

Investigated cause of anthrax and developed successful vaccine→ also vaccine or rabies, cholera in chickens

Swan necked flask experiment

• Drawn out necked flask→ meat inside and air drawn in→ microorganisms from air trapped in curved neck
• No growth in curved neck, but growth in flask with broken off neck
• Proved organisms contaminating broth carried in air, not spontaneously generated

Question 14

Describe the contribution of Pasteur and Koch to our understanding of infectious diseases

KOCH

Answer 14

Agar plate technique for growing microorganisms→ cultured bacteria; determined each disease caused by specific microorganism

Anthrax→ bacteria inserted into healthy sheep; showed spores obtained could cause disease→ evidence for germ theory→ microorganism grown outside body caused disease

Breakthrough→ discovery of bacteria responsible for Tuberculosis, bacteria for cholera

Postulates (principles for identifying microorganisms responsible for disease)

Same microorganism present in every diseased host
Microorganism must be isolated, cultured

Sample inoculated into host→ must display symptoms as original host

Must be able to isolate microorganisms from second host and culture and identify as original species

Question 15

Perform an investigation to model Pasteur’s experiment to identify the role of microbes in decay

Answer 15

Beef stock cubes (make broth) and conical flasks with glass tubing bent into S (replace swan neck)

Filtered broth added to flask with straight piping and one with curve

Boil broth, leave in sub and check every few days→ scum, cloudiness, fungus, bubbles

Few weeks→ straight tubing should show signs of decay

Question 16

Prions

Answer 16

Protein capable of causing disease→ no genetic material

Multiply in contact with normal prion proteins; alter structure and change them to infectious prions

Can’t be destroyed by heating or chemicals
E.g. Kuru disease→ through cannibalism

Question 17

Viruses

Answer 17

Non cellular pathogens, contain genetic material, not composed of cells (30-300 nm)

Only can replicate in host cells→ enters and makes copies of itself

Cell becomes too full with copies; bursts→ releases them to repeat in other host cells
E.g. Influenza, herpes, glandular fever

Question 18

Bacteria

Answer 18

Single celled organism (0.5-100um) → reproduce by binary fusion

Found everywhere (classified on basis of shape) → many beneficial

E.g. Cause food poisoning, anthrax, pneumonia

Question 19

Protozoans

Answer 19

Single celled eukaryotic→ cell membrane, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (1-300um)

E.g. Malaria, African sleeping sickness

Question 20

Fungi

Answer 20

Eukaryotic organisms; have cell wall but different to plant cell wall

Microscopic to macroscopic→ no chlorophyll (can’t produce own food)

Most live on dead plant, animal material (decomposers)

E.g. Athlete’s foot (tinea) or black spot on rose plants

Question 21

Macro- Parasites

Answer 21

Visible to naked eye; larger than other pathogens; multicellular eukaryotic

Tiny louse→ long tapeworm

Some transmit disease directly or act as vectors

Live outside host body (suck blood-mosquitos) or live inside body (tapeworm)

E.g. Flea is vector for bacteria causing plaque, plant disease→ aphids transmitting Banana Bunchy T

Question 22

Gather and process info to trace the historical development of our understanding of the cause and prevention of malaria

Answer 22

1000 CE→ Chinese recognised disease

2000 YA→ Greeks described symptoms. Built drains to take away stagnant water

1880→ Charles Laveran discovered malaria causing pathogen

1897→ Ronald Ross discovered main stages of transmission, identified mosquito as vector

1898→ Grassi and Bastianelli→ showed human malaria is transmitted in the same way as malaria in birds

1898→ Draining stagnant water, spraying oil onto water to stop breeding, wearing protective clothes

1930→ Antimalarial drug (Atabrine) used. Discontinued due to side effects

1970’s→ Use of drugs as prophylactics to try and prevent the disease, Incidence of malaria decreased

1980’s→ Incidence of malaria increases

2000- present→ Combination drug therapy that includes highly effective aertesminsimin,. Netting treated with long term insecticide and other protective measures

Question 23

Identify data sources, gather process and analyse info from secondary sources to describe one named infectious disease in terms of its :
Cause, Transmission, Host response, Major symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Control

MALARIA CAUSE AND TRANSMISSION

Answer 23

CAUSE
Protozoa Plasmodium→ anopheles mosquito is vector

TRANSMISSION AND LIFE CYCLE
Female mosquito picks up gametes of parasite from blood of host→ fertilise in mosquito gut

Zygote matures, form sporozoites (move to salivary gland) injected into another host when feeding

Sporozoites move to liver cells; grow and multiply→ cells burst→ released into blood

Transferred back to feeding mosquito

Question 24

Identify data sources, gather process and analyse info from secondary sources to describe one named infectious disease in terms of its :
Cause, Transmission, Host response, Major symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Control

MALARIA HOST RESPONSE

Answer 24

In liver cells; isolated from immune system, but in RBC→ antibodies produced

Plasmodium avoids immune response as surface antigens change weekly→ not recognised by antibodies already produced by host

Question 25

Identify data sources, gather process and analyse info from secondary sources to describe one named infectious disease in terms of its : Cause, Transmission, Host response, Major symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Control MALARIA MAJOR SYMPTOMS

Answer 25

Cells burst→ parasite, toxins, haemoglobin breakdown released into plasma Creates shivering, high fever, headache, sweating Anemia→ from breakdown of RBC, haemoglobin

Question 26

Identify data sources, gather process and analyse info from secondary sources to describe one named infectious disease in terms of its : Cause, Transmission, Host response, Major symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Control MALARIA TREATMENT, CONTROL AND PREVENTION

Answer 26

TREATMENT Antimalarial drugs→ reduce temp or cure infection Some resistant strains→ oral quinine instead PREVENTION Travellers to malaria areas→ drugs prior to departure and after come back→ kill any from liver Protective clothing, insect repellent, mosquito nets No donating blood if been recently to infected area Ships, planes, vehicles from areas→ sprayed with insecticides CONTROL Insecticides→ DDT spraying, or draining standing water Vaccine being trialled

Question 27

Identify the role of antibiotics in the management of infectious disease

Answer 27

Antibiotics; chemicals destroy or stop growth of bacteria causing disease (without destroying host) Destroy cell membrane, or accumulate in bacteria cells preventing them forming new cell wall Natural selection→ evolve resistant strains. Some bacteria possess natural resistance, survive and reproduce to build up population resistant to antibiotic

Question 28

Process info from secondary sources to discuss problems relating to antibiotic resistance

Answer 28

Many no longer effective→ resistant strains forming→ dont respond to first line antibiotics; need 2nd or 3rd line (take longer to cure, more severe) Superbugs→ virtually resistant to all; only treated with experimental drugs Current trends→ in future, some diseases have no treatment due to resistant strains Strategies: - Prescription only for bacterial infections, and taken for entire course (not just until symptoms stop) - Cleaning products with antimicrobial ingredients should not be used

Question 29

Identify defence barriers to prevent entry of pathogens in humans: Skin, Mucous membranes, Cilia, Chemical barriers, Other body secretions SKIN

Answer 29

Prevents entry of pathogens→ microorganisms rarely penetrate intact skin Certain bacteria on skin→ destroys incoming pathogens Lack of moisture→ limits growth of microorganisms

Question 30

Identify defence barriers to prevent entry of pathogens in humans: Skin, Mucous membranes, Cilia, Chemical barriers, Other body secretions MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Answer 30

Membranes line nasal passages, digestive, respiratory tracts→ secrete mucus Mucus traps pathogens until body disposes Prevents membranes drying → provides moist surface for normal microflora

Question 31

Identify defence barriers to prevent entry of pathogens in humans: Skin, Mucous membranes, Cilia, Chemical barriers, Other body secretions CILIA

Answer 31

Fine,mucus coated, hair like→ line nasal, respiratory surfaces Beating of cilia→ moves mucus layer along (with any trapped microorganisms) in throat

Question 32

Identify defence barriers to prevent entry of pathogens in humans: Skin, Mucous membranes, Cilia, Chemical barriers, Other body secretions CHEMICAL BARRIERS

Answer 32

Lysozyme (enzyme) → in tears, saliva, mucus, sweat, tissue fluid→ breaks up bacteria membrane Stomach acid (pH 1-2) → lethal environment for pathogens Bile and acidic urine fluid→ inhibits pathogen growth

Question 33

Identify defence barriers to prevent entry of pathogens in humans: Skin, Mucous membranes, Cilia, Chemical barriers, Other body secretions OTHER BODY SECRETIONS

Answer 33

Tears→ wash surface of eye when blink→ prevents settling of microorganisms Perspiration→ any microorganism in sweat glands washed away Saliva→ washes microorganisms from teeth, into stomach lining (digestive enzymes, stomach acid destroy) Urine→ cleans urinary tract,flushes out microorganisms

Question 34

Gather, process and present info from secondary sources to show how a named disease results from an imbalance of microflora in humans Disease/pathogen Fungus Candida albicans → causes Thrush (symptoms, treatment/prevention, conditions under which disease develops)

Answer 34

SYMPTOMS - Itching/burning sensation when urinating or sexual intercourse - Thick, white discharge - Splits in skin, redness or swelling TREATMENT/ PREVENTION - Treatment→ vaginal creams, tablets - Prevention→ women wipe from front to back when using toilet (avoids spreading yeast from anus) CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH DISEASE DEVELOPS - Usually kept low by competition from other micro-organisms→ but if balance upset, increase in C Albicans→ disease develops - Balance upset by suppression of immune system, drug use, diabetes antibiotics treating bacterial infection→ reduced number of bacteria

Question 35

Identify antigens as molecules that trigger the immune response

Answer 35

Antigen→ molecule recognised as foreign→ triggers immune response Surface of cells in body→ markers identify as belonging to self→ protects from immune system attack Pathogens have chemical markers (antigens) immune recognises as not belonging to body→ activate immune response (foreign particles)

Question 36

Explain why organ transplants should trigger an immune response

Answer 36

New organ→ marker molecules on cell surface→ antigens different to markers on own cells Organ identified as foreign→ immune response activated to attack and defend body More number of matching macromolecules→ less foreign antigen molecules to fight

Question 37

Identify defence adaptations, including Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis, Lymph system, Cell death to seal off pathogen INFLAMMATION RESPONSE

Answer 37

Response brought by infected/injured cells→ release chemicals for fluid containing phagocytes to enter tissues→ destroy invaders Damage to tissue triggers response (characterised by pain, heat, swelling→ increased temp inhibits pathogen activity) Destroys cause of infection or confines infection to small area. Replaces/ repairs damaged tissue

Question 38

Identify defence adaptations, including Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis, Lymph system, Cell death to seal off pathogen PHAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 38

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils) surround, enclose foreign particle→ then bathed in enzyme lysozyme (destroys it) Neutrophils→ Immune cell, ingest bacteria in bloodstream, (then digested by lysozyme) Macrophage→ Larger cell, wander around tissue collecting microorganisms or other foreign bodie

Question 39

Identify defence adaptations, including Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis, Lymph system, Cell death to seal off pathogen LYMPH SYSTEM

Answer 39

Responsible for filtering lymph fluid, (remove pathogens, dead cells, debris) Lymph nodes contain phagocytes (destroy foreign material brought by tissue fluid) Lymphoid organs defend body→ fight infections in spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland

Question 40

Identify defence adaptations, including Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis, Lymph system, Cell death to seal off pathogen CELL DEATH TO SEAL OFF PATHOGEN

Answer 40

If area badly infected, other responses can’t control pathogens→ layer of dead cells forms around infection site→ followed by layer of macrophages Seals off and contains pathogens→ eventually die and consumed by macrophages

Question 41

MACFARLANE BURNET’S WORK IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY CONTRIBUTED TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNISATION PROGRAMS

Answer 41

Examined body recognising itself and can use immune system to respond to foreign substances without invading own cells Concluded that ability to recognise self is gradually acquired in fetal development→ predicted if tissue was introduced to foetus it would learn not to reject material How body determines between self and nonself

Question 42

Identify the components of the immune response: Antibodies, T cells, B cells ANTIBODIES

Answer 42

Proteins (produced by plasma cells) → in response to antigen Antibodies seek out antigen and bind to part of it (forms antigen-antibody complex) → deactivates antigen Antigens destroyed by antigen-antibody complex clumping together (easier to eliminate by phagocytosi

Question 43

Identify the components of the immune response: Antibodies, T cells, B cells T- CELLS

Answer 43

Lymphocytes produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland→ released into blood, lymph nodes Each T cell→ particular surface receptor protein (recognises specific antigen) Encounter antigen, matching receptor→ activate and clone killer T cells→ move to infection; destroy infected cell

Question 44

Identify the components of the immune response: Antibodies, T cells, B cells B- CELLS

Answer 44

Lymphocytes produced and mature in bone marrow→ released into blood, lymph nodes, tonsils On surface→ different antibody specific to antigen→ encounter antigen (makes copies of itself) → forms plasma cells that produce specific antibodies Antibodies move to infection site→ form antigen-antibody complex (deactivate antigen

Question 45

Process, analyse and present info from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programs in preventing the spread and occurrence of once common diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria and polio SMALLPOX

Answer 45

Before vaccine→ millions of deaths worldwide 1967 WHO introduces mass immunisation and follow up vaccines Highly successful→ eradicated disease worldwide

Question 46

Process, analyse and present info from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programs in preventing the spread and occurrence of once common diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria and polio DIPHTHERIA

Answer 46

Before vaccine→ Thousands worldwide (1900’s) 1974 WHO expanded immunisation program→ aim to decrease children with disease Still present today, but effective→ drop in global incidence to 8000 cases in 2005

Question 47

Process, analyse and present info from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programs in preventing the spread and occurrence of once common diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria and polio POLIO

Answer 47

Before vaccine→ Thousands of cases worldwide 1955→ Spain developed safe vaccine → 1997 Global Polio Eradication Initiative 70% reduction of cases→ rare in developed countries; but still concern in developing nations

Question 48

Describe and explain the immune response in the human body in terms of: Interaction between B and T lymphocytes

Answer 48

Macrophage engulfs foreign particle with antigen→ antigen on surface moved to macrophage surface Macrophage presents antigen to helper T cell in lymph nodes (has receptor corresponding to antigen) Helper T activates→ release cytokine chemicals activating production of B clones (antigen specific) Also activate production of cytotoxic T clones (have particular antigen receptor on surface) Immune response defeated→ suppressor T stops B and cytotoxic cell activity

Question 49

The mechanisms that allow interaction between B and T lymphocytes

Answer 49

The mechanisms that allow interaction between B and T lymphocytes System in place to identify cells both belonging to body→ stop them attacking each other Surface of cells; MHC molecules allow recognition in body and identify foreign cells MHCI molecules present on all nucleus cells→ recognise antigens for T cell to destroy MHCII molecules on B cells→ recognition of antigens by B cells, helps helper T cell activate B and T

Question 50

The mechanisms that allow interaction between B and T lymphocytes Antibody- mediated immunity

Answer 50

B cells presenting antigens→ move to lymph nodes, inspected by helper T cells T cells stimulate cloning of millions of B cells (specific to antigen presented) B cells produce plasma cells→ secrete specific antibodies→ move via blood, lymph to infected area Antigens, antibodies combine→ antigen-antibody complex (inactivates pathogens)

Question 51

The mechanisms that allow interaction between B and T lymphocytes Cell mediated immunity

Answer 51

Foreign material engulfed by macrophages→ then moves to lymph nodes; inspected by helper T Helper T activate cloning of cytotoxic and memory T cells (specific to antigen) Cytotoxic cells go to infection→ antigen, antibody bind → release chemicals to destroy cells Chemicals increase inflammation, attract macrophages for phagocytosis Infection defeated→ suppressor T cells release chemicals; stop production and action of cytotoxic

Question 52

The range of T lymphocyte types and the differences in their roles

Answer 52

Memory T cell Remain in body→ respond quickly to future invasions Suppressor T cell Stop immune response when infection defeated Cytotoxic T cell Activate and move to site of infection→ chemicals destroy infected cells Helper T cell Recognise antigen→ release chemicals activating cloning of T and B cells

Question 53

Outline the way in which vaccinations prevent infection

Answer 53

Vaccine→ preparation containing dead or weakened pathogens→ can’t cause disease but act as antigens; stimulate immune response and memory Causes multiplication of B and T cells without symptoms → vaccinated person gains immunity; when actual disease occurs→ body undergoes immune response and produces antibodies for that antigen

Question 54

Outline the reasons for the suppression of the immune response in organ transplant patients

Answer 54

Donor organ→ marker molecules act as antigens (seen as foreign material) immune response initiated Cytotoxic T cells activated→ attack cells, reject organ To reduce severity of immune response; tissue of donor and recipient need to be closely matched Drugs to suppress immune system to lower risk of rejection Drugs reduce activity of T cells (main cells attacking) → advantage; whole immune system not suppressed, can still defend the body→ but not as effective Much greater risk of infection (anti-rejection drugs needed for rest of life)

Question 55

Identify and describe the main features of epidemiology using lung cancer as an example

Answer 55

Study of patterns of disease occurrence in human pop, hypothesises cause and strategies to control Results used by public health authorities to develop strategies and evaluate ones already in place Descriptive studies→ frequency of disease, geographical location, time period, who is affected Analytical studies→ Statistics on mortality rates, incidence and prevalence Intervention studies→ Test effectiveness of treatment or campaign LUNG CANCER Data collected on age, sex, smoking habits of smokers and nonsmokers Case studies compare lung cancer and those without→ look for exposure (suggests smoking) Cohort studies compare non smokers and smokers to establish link between lung cancer→ greater number of cigarettes smoked daily; greater chance of dying from lung cancer Look at effectiveness of Quit campaign

Question 56

Gather, process and analyse info to identify the cause and effect relationship of smoking and lung cancer

Answer 56

Cancer council→ 1 in 8 cancers from smoking (most common; lung cancer) 1 in 5 cancer deaths from smoking→ smoking biggest factor for preventable cancer High risk of developing when exposed to cigarettes→ more smoked; greater risk of cancer

Question 57

Identify causes of noninfectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: Inherited diseases, Nutritional deficiencies, Environmental diseases INHERITED DISEASES

Answer 57

Genetically transmitted; errors in genetic infi May be change in chromosome number or defect in single gene (mutation) E.g. Cystic fibrosis→ mutation to gene causes secretion of thick mucus Blocks passageways into lungs, digestive tract→ problems with breathing, nutrient absorption. No cure.

Question 58

Identify causes of noninfectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: Inherited diseases, Nutritional deficiencies, Environmental diseases NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCEIS

Answer 58

Unbalanced diet,or physiological conditions leading to poor diets (anorexia) E.g. Scurvy from not getting enough vit C, or anemia from missing iron

Question 59

Identify causes of noninfectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: Inherited diseases, Nutritional deficiencies, Environmental diseases ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES

Answer 59

Lifestyle related (substance abuse) or physical environment (exposure to uv rays) Disease caused from exposure to chemicals→ e.g. asbestos causes mesothelioma Cancer of cells in membrane on outside of lung→ asbestos fibres penetrate lining and damage cells causing mutations→ mesothelioma

Question 60

Identify data sources, plan and perform a first hand investigation or gather info from secondary sources to analyse and present info about the occurrence, symptoms, cause, treatment/management of a named non-infectious disease SCURVY

Answer 60

OCCURENCE Rare in developed countries→ mainly in developing where fresh fruit and veg not freely available Occur in all age groups→ alcoholics, elderly, infants SYMPTOMS Swollen, purplish gums Swelling, painful legs If left untreated; gangrene, haemorrhaging, death CAUSE Nutritional deficiency→ lack of vit C (needed for connective tissues, bones) Deficiency weakens blood capillary wall→ bleeding, bruising TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT Increase amount of vit C in diet→ or vit C supplements Prevention→ eat foods rich in vit C (orange, lemons,cranberries)

Question 61

Discuss the role of quarantine in preventing the spread of disease and plants and animals into Australia or across regions of Australia

Answer 61

Quarantine→ isolation of organisms to control spread of disease All animals coming into Australia→ required to spend time in quarantine (ensure free of disease) Policy protects health of humans, environment→ reduced rate of disease incursion Prevents introduction, establishment or spread of disease/pests E.g. Rhinos from Africa commonly have internal parasites; could transfer to native fauna

Question 62

Perform an investigation to examine plant shoots and leaves and gather first hand evidence of pathogens and insect pests

Answer 62

LEMON PLANT Pest→ insect leaf miner Insect eats leaf layers→ causes leaf to curl ROSE BUSH Fungal pathogen→ Black spot Yellowing of leaves, black powdery mildew ROSE BUSH Pest→ Aphid Small leaves, stunted leaf growth

Question 63

Explain how one of the following strategies has controlled and/ or prevented disease: Public health programs,

Answer 63

Govt regulations; Sterilising hospital equipment, cook/prepare food→ prevents spread of pathogens Govt regulations; garbage disposal, drinking water and sewerage treatment→ prevents occurrence Laws for reporting diseases→ allows early detection and strategies to be implemented Encourage regular screening for disease; e,g women check breast for lumps (cancer detection) Childhood immunisation program→ prevent disease incidence (e.g. whooping cough) Education programs; awareness of lifestyle risk factors (E.g. Quit campaign→ images of side effects)

Question 64

Process and analyse information from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of quarantine in preventing the spread of plant and animal disease into Australia or across regions of Australia

Answer 64

Many plant species refused entry; or allowed in if treated to ensure no pests Some restrictions on movement of fruit → prevents spread to disease free areas Quarantine checkpoints on main roads leading to each state (prevents risk material entering) If disease enters Aus; quarantine, control of movements, slaughter or vaccination of infected animals Observation and decontamination→ establish disease free areas E.g. Swine Flu 2007→ horse movement banned, equipment decontaminated, → no swine Flu 2008

Question 65

Gather and process information and use available evidence to discuss the changing methods of dealing with plant and animal diseases, including the shift in emphasis from treatment and control to management or prevention of the disease. TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF DISEASE

Answer 65

USE OF PESTICIDES Controls spread of vectors and pests; E.g DDT to kill mosquito (malaria) Harms environment and can lead to resistant strains developing USE OF ANTIBIOTICS Treats many type of bacterial infections; destroys bacteria and cures person Overuse and wrongful use → development of resistant strains MEDICAL INTERVENTION PROCEDURES E.g. Cancer treatment by surgery radiation, chemotherapy→ if successful cures patient Side effects of treatment severe and increase suffering of patient

Question 66

Gather and process information and use available evidence to discuss the changing methods of dealing with plant and animal diseases, including the shift in emphasis from treatment and control to management or prevention of the disease. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE

Answer 66

VACCINATION Prevents person from contracting the disease; decreases prevalence of disease E.g. vaccination against diphtheria; only small percentage suffer side effects QUARANTINE Prevents entry into Aus; management procedures prevent spread around country Decreases incidence of disease and protects agricultural industry allowing them entry to export markets with disease free products GENETIC ENGINEERING Plants and animals produced that are resistant to pathogens/pests→ prevents occurrence of disease Reduces need for spraying crops with pesticides Effects on biodiversity unknown; could be harmful E.g. Bt cotton that produces natural insecticide to kill caterpillar larvae PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS Reduces incidence of disease in population E.g. public education programs; no smoking to prevent lung cancer