The search for minority rights, 1960–80

Question 1

What was the Federal Agency that passed policies relating to Native Americans?

Answer 1

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Question 2

When was ‘termination’ for Native Americans passed?
What was ‘termination’ for Native Americans?

Answer 2

1953
Native Americans are freed from federal control and protected by US laws, but tribal lands will be sold.

Question 3

What were the two main issues for Native Americans?

Answer 3

Tribal homelands (wanted new, fair treaties) and self-determination (BIA constantly controlled Native lives with Boarding Schools, breaking up of culture and assimilation.)

Question 4

When was the Indian Removal Act ?(Forced relocation of Indians, deemed unfair.)

Answer 4

1830

Question 5

By which decade were the Native American Indian Removal Act treaties declared to be unfair?

Answer 5

1960s

Question 6

From when did the BIA run the Indian Boarding Schools board?

Answer 6

1893

Question 7

What did the 1887 Dawes Act do?

Answer 7

Split the land up into individual allotments to be awarded by government

Question 8

When was the Indian Civil Rights Act?
What did it do?

Answer 8

1968.
Banned tribes from restricting Civil Rights of tribal members.

Question 9

What was the Indian Civil Rights Act?
When was it?

Answer 9

Banned tribes from restricting the civil rights of tribal members.
1968.

Question 10

When was the American Indian Movement (AIM) setup?
What did it do/ how did it act?
Slogan?

Answer 10

1968
Took a more radical stance, like that of Black CRM: direct action (sit-ins) often targeting homelands/ federal buildings. Slogan: Red Power

Question 11

What was the other major Native organisation?
How did it differ from AIM?

Answer 11

NCAI.
Worked within the system.

Question 12

What was AIM’s membership by 1971?
AIM protest in 1971 and reason?

Answer 12

4,500
Black Hills (Sacred land), performed Indian Dances… some violence.

Question 13

Which organisation was AIM’s trail of broken treaties in 1972 aimed at?

Answer 13

BIA (occupied the government building in protest of the management)

Question 14

How long did AIM’s occupation of Wounded Knee in last for? What year?
What did AIM want in order for them to withdraw?

Answer 14

71 days in 1973.
A government investigation on its demands/ grievances.

Question 15

Which President rejected both ‘termination’ and forced assimilation?
What act did he pass and when?

Answer 15

Nixon
1972 Indian Education Act funded tribal schools. 1974 Indian Financing Act lent tribes funded.

Question 16

When did the Indian Self Determination act that ruled out the BIA from services in health and education pass?

Answer 16

1975

Question 17

What did the Indian Child Welfare Act do? When was it passed?

Answer 17

1978: Gave Native Americans more control over the adoption of Native Americans.

Question 18

Which state continued to evict Indians from land if the state wanted to use it for building?
Other limitations regarding Nixon?

Answer 18

Hawaii
Nixon didn’t reform the BIA or renegotiate sacred sites, like AIM had asked.

Question 19

How many Mexicans signed up to be part of the bracero programme between 1942 and 1964?
What was it?

Answer 19

4.6 million contracts
Gov programme: guaranteed Mexicans the same wages as others, though this didn’t always work.

Question 20

What were the 4 main issues for Hispanic Americans?

Answer 20

Land, Workers’ rights (especially bracero programme farm workers), Discrimination and deportation (operation Wetback 1950s.)

Question 21

Which state was of particular issue regarding land rights for Hispanic Americans?

Answer 21

New Mexico

Question 22

In which programme were conditions for Hispanic workers considered to be appalling?
What stance did farmers (their bosses) take?

Answer 22

Bracero programme

Question 23

How many people were deported as a result of ‘Operation Wetback’ between 1953 and 1958?

Answer 23

3.8 million

Question 24

Who was the leader of the non-violent movement for Hispanic American workers’ rights?
What did he do?

Answer 24

Cesar Chavez
Set up a farm workers union and organised strikes/protest… gained publicity.

Question 25

Who was the Hispanic American leader for Mexican land rights? What did he do?

Answer 25

Tijerina Went from legal protests to organised marches, mass demonstrations and camp-ins on National Forest Land. Also caused a shootout in a courthouse with hostages.

Question 26

Which leader campaigned for race? What did he do?

Answer 26

Rodolfo Gonzales Worked within the system but then radicalised… ‘Crusade for Justice’ similar to black pride. Young members had contacts within the Black Power movement.

Question 27

When were the Brown Berets setup? What did they do?

Answer 27

1967 Wore uniform (like Black Panthers) and campaigned against police brutality with student walkouts.

Question 28

When was Cesar Chavez's National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) setup?

Answer 28

1962

Question 29

When was Chavez's 25 day fast? Who joins him? On his death year

Answer 29

1968 RFK

Question 30

How many students protested in East LA (mainly Mexican from schools) about conditions? In which year?

Answer 30

Over 10,000. 1968.

Question 31

When did the Brown Berets march in protest against police brutality and discrimination?

Answer 31

1971

Question 32

What did California's Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 setup?

Answer 32

Rights for farm workers to unionise

Question 33

What did the 1975 Voting Rights Act extension provide?

Answer 33

Language assistance at polling stations

Question 34

When did the Supreme Court rule that Hispanic Americans were equal?

Answer 34

1954

Question 35

When did the Stonewall Inn incident that led to riots and the formation of the gay rights movement? What happened?

Answer 35

1969. Police raided a bar, people would usually slip away but police got overly violent and 400 people fought back. Protests for several nights after. Gay Liberation Front set up.

Question 36

August 1970, how many people attended the New York Gay Pride March?

Answer 36

10,000

Question 37

In which cities did highly visible gay communities spring up?

Answer 37

Northern cities such as NYC and Seattle, where counter culture was high already… high acceptance.

Question 38

What percentage of people believed in equal rights for gays in 1977? Who did not?

Answer 38

50% The KKK (more extreme) and the ‘Bible Belt’ where religious traditions fuelled hostility.

Question 39

When was the first openly gay candidate elected into public office?

Answer 39

1974

Question 40

When was Harvey Milk elected to office in San Francisco? Impact of Milk?

Answer 40

1977 Was openly gay, supported other minority rights, opposed Proposition 6. Assassinated in 1978.

Question 41

What was Proposition 6?

Answer 41

A law proposed in California in 1978 to ban gays, lesbians and supporters of their rights from working in state funded schools.

Question 42

When was Harvey Milk and the pro-gay mayor of San Francisco assassinated?

Answer 42

November 1978

Question 43

When was the first Supreme Court Ruling in favour of gays?

Answer 43

1958 (refused to let the postal service ban a gay magazine as 'obscene')

Question 44

On the anniversary of Stonewall, marches were held in which city?

Answer 44

1970 New York,

Question 45

When did the American Psychiatric Association remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses?

Answer 45

15 December 1973

Question 46

How long was Dan White, Harvey Milk's assassin, sentence?

Answer 46

Only 7 years. Potentially due to Milk being gay.

Question 47

How many marched on San Francisco's city hall as a result of Dan White's sentencing?

Answer 47

1979 5000

Question 48

When was the National March on Washington for lesbian and gay rights? How many?

Answer 48

1979 (urged protective legislation) Around 100,000.

Question 49

How many openly gay state judges were appointed by the Governor of California between 1979 and 1981?

Answer 49

4

Question 50

When did Dade County, Florida propose a law to stop discrimination in housing, public facilities and employment? Impact?

Answer 50

1977 Conservative backlash, law rejected… Proposition 6…proposed??? In 1978. More Republican support from religious right and later, Ronald Reagan.

Question 51

What oranisation was formed as a result of the Florida anti discriminatory act proposition?

Answer 51

Save our Children (SOC) collected petitions, said gay integration meant normal children would become corrupted.