The shoulder

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

Limbs, scapula, hip bones

Question 2

Axial skeleton

Answer 2

Skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

Question 3

What is the acromium?

Answer 3

Point of the shoulder

Question 4

What are the joints of the shoulder girdle?

Answer 4

Sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
glenohumeral joint

Question 5

What is the one joint that joins the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton? Why are they only joined at one point?

Answer 5

Sternoclavicular joint
So bones can move freely around the thorax

Question 6

What is the difference between the functions of the upper limbs compared to the lower limbs?

Answer 6

Upper limbs are built for flexibility whereas lower limbs are built for stability as they have to support the weight of the body

Question 7

Protraction of scapula

Answer 7

Bad posture- bringing scapula round to the front

Question 8

Retraction of scapula

Answer 8

Good posture- taking scapula backwards to bring shoulder blades together

Question 9

What is protraction and retraction of the scapula important for?

Answer 9

Pushing and pulling objects

Question 10

What is the scapula attached to the trunk by? Where does it originate?

Answer 10

Trapezius
Back of the head to the thoracic spine

Question 11

Superior part of trapezius direction and action

Answer 11

Points upwards to neck and head
Elevates the scapula

Question 12

Middle part of trapezius direction and action

Answer 12

Goes across the back horizontally
Retraction- pulls shoulder blades together

Question 13

Inferior part of traapezius direction and action

Answer 13

Comes down the back vertically
Depression of the scapula

Question 14

Levator scapulae

Answer 14

Elevates the scapula and joins the top corner of it to the neck

Question 15

Rhomboid minor and major

Answer 15

Minor is at the top and major is at the bottom, fibres run similar to middle of trapezius so they help with retraction

Question 16

Serratus anterior

Answer 16

Comes from underneath the scapula and attaches its medial edge to the ribs
Important for protraction and upwards rotation

Question 17

What nerve supplies the trapezius?

Answer 17

Accessory nerve

Question 18

What nerve supplies rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 18

Dorsal scapula nerve

Question 19

What nerve supplies serratus anterior?

Answer 19

Long thoracic nerve

Question 20

Subclavius and pectoralis minor

Answer 20

Round the front of the shoulder, pulls scapula downwards so is involved in protraction and depression

Question 21

What nerve supplies levator scapulae?

Answer 21

Dorsal scapular nerve

Question 22

What nerve supplies the subclavius and pectoralis minor?

Answer 22

Medial pectoral nerve

Question 23

What are the superior rotators?

Answer 23

Serratus anterior and superior part of trapezius

Question 24

What are the inferior rotators?

Answer 24

Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor and levator scapulae

Question 25

Why does the glenohumeral joint have a lot of mobility?

Answer 25

Glenoid fossa is much smaller than the head of the humerus which allows it a large amount of space to move around

Question 26

Synovial joint

Answer 26

Has a capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane with synovial fluid in the joint cavity and cartilage

Question 27

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 27

Synovial ball and socket joint

Question 28

Abduction

Answer 28

Arm taken away from the trunk and lifted up

Question 29

Adduction

Answer 29

Arm brought back down next to the trunk

Question 30

Flexion and extension

Answer 30

Bringing arm up in front of you Bringing arm back down

Question 31

Hyperextension

Answer 31

Going backwards behind you

Question 32

Medial rotation

Answer 32

Going towards the midline

Question 33

Lateral rotation

Answer 33

Going away from the midline

Question 34

Circumduction

Answer 34

Going round in a big circle both forwards and backwards

Question 35

Deltoids location

Answer 35

Fastens in like a horseshoe around the clavicle and spine of the scapula and the acromium Comes down and inserts into the humerus

Question 36

Middle portion of deltoid

Answer 36

Abducts the arm

Question 37

Front and back portions of the deltoid

Answer 37

Make abduction by the middle portion smoother by guiding it If the front acts on its own it flexes the arm If the back acts on its own it extends the arm

Question 38

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 38

Comes upwards and inserts into the humerus Important for adduction and extendion of the arms

Question 39

Teres major

Answer 39

Short fat muscle on the side and has same function as latissimus dorsi

Question 40

Pectoralis major

Answer 40

Attaches to clavicle and sternum Adducts and medially rotates the arm

Question 41

What nerve supplies the pectoralis major?

Answer 41

Medial and laterla pectoral nerves

Question 42

What stabilises the glenohumeral joint? How?

Answer 42

Glenoid labrum and the tendon of biceps brachii Goes up and over the joint cavity and fastens to the top of the glenoid fossa to stop it moving upwards

Question 43

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 43

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis

Question 44

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 44

Attaching the scapula to the humerus and providing dynamic stabilisation

Question 45

What is another function of the supraspinatus?

Answer 45

Assists in abducting the arm

Question 46

Which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity?

Answer 46

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

Question 47

What nerve supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

Answer 47

Suprascapular nerve

Question 48

What nerve supplies the teres minor?

Answer 48

Axillary nerve

Question 49

Where is subscapularis located?

Answer 49

Between the scapula and ribcage Inserts onto the lesser tuberosity of humerus