The Skeletal System

Question 1

the study of bone

Answer 1

osteology

Question 2

mature bone cells

Answer 2

osteocytes

Question 3

composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments

Answer 3

skeletal system

Question 4

hold bones together at the joints

Answer 4

ligaments

Question 5

attach muscle to bone

Answer 5

tendon

Question 6

Functions of the Skeletal System (6)

Answer 6

1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. electrolyte balance
5. acid-base balance
6. blood formation

Question 7

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

Answer 7

bone (osseous tissue)

Question 8

type of bone:
-longer than wide
-rigid levers acted upon by muscles

Answer 8

long bone

Question 9

type of bone:
-equal in length and width

Answer 9

short bone

Question 10

type of bone:
-elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories

Answer 10

irregular bones

Question 11

type of bone:
-small, round bone

Answer 11

sesamoid bone

Question 12

end of long bone

Answer 12

epiphysis

Question 13

shaft (middle part) of long bone

Answer 13

diaphysis

Question 14

found in the shaft of the long bone

Answer 14

compact bone

Question 15

usually found at the ends of long bone

Answer 15

spongy bone

Question 16

layer that covers the long bone (outside layer)

Answer 16

periosteum

Question 17

lining of the medullary cavity in the long bone

Answer 17

endosteum

Question 18

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Answer 18

red and yellow

Question 19

central canal with surrounding structures

Answer 19

osteon

Question 20

blood vessels and nerves

Answer 20

central canal

Question 21

bone cells that live inside lacuna

Answer 21

osteocytes

Question 22

cavities on lamallae

Answer 22

lacuna

Question 23

canal that connect one lacunae with another

Answer 23

canaliculus

Question 24

little channels that connect lacunae

Answer 24

canaliculi

Question 25

concentric circles of lacunae

Answer 25

lamellae

Question 26

What are the four principle types of bone cells?

Answer 26

1. osteogenic cells 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts

Question 27

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

Answer 27

osteoclasts

Question 28

soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts

Answer 28

rickets

Question 29

excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen

Answer 29

osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease

Question 30

soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone

Answer 30

bone marrow

Question 31

produces blood cells and is composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself

Answer 31

hemopoietic tissue

Question 32

type of bone marrow: -produces blood cells -in adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

Answer 32

red bone marrow

Question 33

type of bone marrow: -found in adults -most red bone marrow turns into this -no longer produces blood -found in long bones

Answer 33

yellow bone marrow

Question 34

the formation of bone

Answer 34

ossification or osteogenesis

Question 35

the formation of bone from membrane (produces flat bones)

Answer 35

intramembranous ossification

Question 36

the formation of bone from cartilage (produce long bones)

Answer 36

endochondral ossification

Question 37

blood calcium excess; has a wide variety of causes

Answer 37

hypocalcemia

Question 38

What three hormones regulate calcium homeostasis?

Answer 38

calcitriol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Question 39

a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys (most active form of vitamin D)

Answer 39

calcitriol

Question 40

lower blood calcium concentration in two ways -osteoclast inhabitation -osteoblast stimulation

Answer 40

calcitonin

Question 41

increases blood calcium concentration -released with low calcium blood levels -raises calcium blood levels (binds receptors on osteoblasts)

Answer 41

parathyroid hormone

Question 42

cause growth to stop -epiphyseal plate "closes" prematurely -results in abnormally short adult stature

Answer 42

anabolic steroids

Question 43

break caused by abnormal trauma to bone (normal fracture) -falls, athletics, and military combat

Answer 43

stress fracture

Question 44

break in a bone weakened by some other disease (abnormal) -bone cancer or osteoporosis -usually caused by stress that would not break a healthy bone

Answer 44

pathological fracture

Question 45

How are fractures classified?

Answer 45

direction of the fracture line, break in the skin, multiple pieces

Question 46

treatment of fractures?

Answer 46

closed reduction, open reduction, cast

Question 47

severe loss of bone density -the most common bone disease -bone loses mass and becomes brittle due to loss of organic matrix and minerals -common in young female athletes with low body fat causing them to stop ovulating and ovarian estrogen secretion is low

Answer 47

osteoporosis

Question 48

part of the skeleton that forms central supporting axis of the body -skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

Answer 48

axial skeleton

Question 49

part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity

Answer 49

appendicular skeleton

Question 50

How many bones are in a typical adult?

Answer 50

206

Question 51

How many bones does a normal person have at birth?

Answer 51

270

Question 52

What are the four normal curvatures in the vertebral column?

Answer 52

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic

Question 53

type of curvatures that are present at birth -ex: thoracic and pelvic

Answer 53

primary curvatures

Question 54

type of curvatures that develop later -ex: cervical and lumbar -lifting head as it begins to crawl develops cervical curvature -walking upright develops lumbar curvature

Answer 54

secondary curvatures

Question 55

What are some causes of abnormal spine curvatures?

Answer 55

disease, paralysis of trunk muscles, poor posture, pregnancy, or congenital defect

Question 56

abnormal curvature of the spine -developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae -most common -usually in thoracic region -particularly of adolescent girls

Answer 56

scoliosis

Question 57

ribs 1-7 -each has own costal cartilage connecting to sternum

Answer 57

true ribs

Question 58

ribs 8-10 -lack independent cartilaginous connection to sternum

Answer 58

false ribs

Question 59

ribs 11-12 -articulate only with the vertebral column -no cartilaginous connection to the sternum or any of the higher costal cartilages

Answer 59

floating ribs