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Anatomy > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four parts of the skeletal system?

A

1) Bones
2) Joints
3) Cartilages
4) Ligaments

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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3
Q

What are the five functions of the bones?

A

1) Support of the body
2) Protection of soft organs
3) Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
4) Storage of minerals and fats
5) Blood cell formation

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4
Q

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

A

206

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5
Q

Two basic types of bone tissue?

A

1) Compact Bone (Homogeneous)

2) Spongy Bone (Small needle like pieces, open spaces)

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6
Q

The different types of bones include?

A

1) Long Bones (ex: femur, humerus)
2) Short Bones (ex: carpals, tarsals, calcaneus)
3) Flat Bones (ex: skull, ribs, sternum)
4) Irregular Bones (ex: vertebrae, hip)

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7
Q

Two parts of a long bone?

A

1) Diaphysis (shaft and composed of compact bone)

2) Epiphysis (ends of the bone and composed mostly of spongy bone)

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8
Q

Structures of a long bone include?

A

1) Periosteum
2) Sharpey’s fibers
3) Arteries
4) Articular Cartilage
5) Medullary Cavity

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9
Q

What is Periosteum?

A
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis

- Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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10
Q

What is Sharpey’s fibers?

A

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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11
Q

What do the Arteries do?

A

Supply bone cells with nutrients

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12
Q

What is Articular cartilage?

A
  • Covers the external surface of the epiphysis
  • made of hyaline cartilage
  • decreases friction at joint surfaces
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13
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity?

A
  • Cavity of the shaft
  • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
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14
Q

What are the microscopic parts of a bone?

A

1) Osteon (Haversian System)
2) Central (Haversian) Canal
3) Perforating (Volkman’s) Canal

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15
Q

What is an Osteon (Haversian System)?

A

The unit of bone

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16
Q

What is the Central (Haversian) Canal?

A
  • Opening in the center of an osteon

- Carries blood vessels and nerves

17
Q

What is the Perforating (Volkman’s) Canal?

A
  • Canal perpendicular to the central canal

- Carries blood vessels and nerves

18
Q

Layers of the osteon include?

A

1) Lacunae
2) Lamellae
3) Canaliculi

19
Q

What is Lacunae?

A
  • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

- Arranged in concentric rings

20
Q

What is Lamellae?

A
  • Rings around the central canal

- Sites of lacunae

21
Q

What is Canaliculi?

A
  • Tiny Canals

- Radiate from the central canal to lacunae

22
Q

What is the skeleton primarily made up of in embryos?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

23
Q

What is much of the cartilage replaced by during development?

A

Bone

24
Q

Where does cartilage remain after growth?

A

1) Bridge of the nose
2) Parts of the ribs
3) Joints

25
Q

What allows for growth of the long bone during childhood?

A

Epiphyseal Plates

26
Q

What happens to cartilage in the bone during growth?

A

1) New cartilage is continuously formed
2) Older cartilage becomes ossified
3) Cartilage is broken down

27
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A

1) Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
2) Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
3) Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)

28
Q

What are the two main types of bone fractures?

A

1) Closed (simple) fracture - doesn’t penetrate the skin

2) Open (compound) fracture - penetrates through the skin

29
Q

What are the six types of bone fractures?

A

1) Communited - breaks into fragments
2) Compression - completely crushed
3) Depressed - pressed inward
4) Impacted - broken bone ends are forced into other bones
5) Spiral - ragged break from excessive twisting
6) Greenstick - breaks incompletely

30
Q

How are bone fractures treated?

A

Reduction and immobilization of the skin (realignment of the bone)

31
Q

What are the steps to repair bone fractures?

A

1) Hematoma (blood filled swelling) is formed
2) Break is splinted by frobrocartilage to form a callus
3) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
4) Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

32
Q

What are the three main types of joints?

A

1) Fibrous Joints - generally immovable, united by fibrous tissue (ex. sutures)
2) Cartilaginous Joints - immovable or slightly movable, united by cartilage (ex. pubic symphysis, intervertbral joints)
3) Synovial Joints - freely movable, separated by a joint cavity, synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

33
Q

What are the four features of synovial joints?

A

1) Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
2) Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular tissue
3) Have a joint cavity filled with a synovial fluid
4) Ligaments reinforce the joint

34
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

1) Pivot - ex) neck
2) Hinge - ex) elbow, knee
3) Saddle - ex) thumb
4) Ball & Socket - ex) hip, shoulder
5) Candyloid - ex) radius, carpals
6) Plane - ex) tarsals

Anatomy (2 decks)

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